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The Ohio Board of Pharmacy provided a list of emails of community pharmacists to send an anonymous survey including both demographic questions and the ADKS. Statistical analyses including independent t-tests and descriptive statistics were conducted using SPSS to determine the significance of the data. This study found no statistically significant difference between urban versus rural community pharmacists. However, in the future we hope to identify specific questions that correlate to areas of AD where continuing education may be helpful in improving patient outcomes by enabling caregivers and healthcare providers with a more accurate understanding of AD.Pharmacy practice is part of a value chain made up of suppliers(S), inputs(I), processes(P), outputs(O), and customers(C). The interface between community pharmacies and clinic-based prescribers is complicated by challenges related to gaps in the design of the chain. The supplier-input-process-outcome-customer (SIPOC) model can be used to re-engineer the chain integrating an intervening clinical pharmacist in the interface creates a structure for interprofessional collaboration and communication across the interface. This innovation has important implications for patient referral between clinic and pharmacy, and the future role and scope of all patient-facing pharmacists.Substandard and counterfeit medicines (SCMs) are a major public health threat in Africa. In Nigeria, the manufacture and distribution of substandard and counterfeit medicines in the drug market are booming, despite the efforts of law enforcement agencies to crack down on criminal syndicates over the years. The current situation has been exacerbated due to factors tied to unregulated open drug markets, lack of counterfeit detection technology, poor local pharmaceutical manufacturing capacity, and porous cross-border monitoring and surveillance systems. However, industrial pharmacists have a key role to play in combatting the production and circulation of SCMs in the Nigerian drug market. In this commentary, we examine the prevalence of SCMs in Nigeria and proffer feasible recommendations that industrial pharmacists can leverage to ensure its effective containment.Background Motivational interviewing (MI) is increasingly recognized for its patient-centered approach to clinician-patient communication and often effective in evoking appropriate changes in patient behavior. Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) programs are increasingly incorporating MI education; however, doing so represents a challenge regarding availability of both time and labor capital. Case Description This study reports on the use of a 90-minute software-based simulation and tutorial coupled with a 90-minute lecture in a 3-hour course session. In a subsequent session consisting of several brief interactions with standardized patients (SPs), students reflected upon their strengths and challenges as a result of attempting to apply the MI principles they learned during the educational intervention. Case Themes Students' responses to a questionnaire delivered both before and after the simulation and lecture, showed improvements in several attitudinal components related to use of MI, as well as developing self-efficacies in deploying patient-centered communication strategies. A post-intervention survey without students' opportunity to study/prepare saw gains in student knowledge about MI. Case Impact The measurements employed to determine student's attitude and knowledge showed good to very good internal consistency reliably based on calculated Cronbach's alpha and KR-20. Student reflections indicated their understanding of MI principles, even though they fell short of implementing them in large part during their encounters with SPs. Conclusion Use of a video simulation undergone by teams of PharmD students coupled with a brief lecture might be an effective and efficient way of building a foundation for MI competency among PharmD students where instructors might lack labor capital and significant space in the curriculum.Medications have been withdrawn from as early as the 1900's in several countries due to a variety of reasons. Most drugs have been withdrawn due to safety, efficacy, manufacturing issues, or the toxicities they address. While safety and efficacy of each new drug is taken into account, so is the process of drug withdrawal. Worldwide each country has its own medical agency which have different approaches on drug discovery and method of removal from the market. This removal process is simpler in several nations while more prolonged in others. Nevertheless, we still don't know an effective method of drug removal from the market and therefore that is the focus of this paper. This paper explores the drug withdrawal process in several countries due to hepatic and cardiovascular toxicities using the WITHDRAWN database. It also summarizes and compares the drug removal processes in the U.S., Australia, UK, EU, and Canada. Consequently, there was no data or evidence that supported one country more favorable or rapid than the other. However, based on the results from drug withdrawal processes, it appeared the U.S., UK, and EU were most comparable. Meanwhile, Australia appeared to have the lengthiest process.Pain is a common symptom reported by patients admitted to hospitals in both medical and surgical units. Due to the subjective and multidimensional nature of pain, it should be assessed regularly to ensure patient pain control. Suboptimal prescribing of opioids and other pain medications contribute to the inadequate treatment of pain. To combat the wide variability and response to pain medications, many providers prescribe as-needed range orders of pain medications to cover each pain severity. These range orders enable necessary and safe adjustments in dose based on individual responses to treatment. Currently, there are no studies analyzing the prescribing of pain medications based on pain severity, leaving a gap in literature in inpatient pain management. The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate the appropriateness of prescribing as-needed pain medications based on the patient's pain severity scores throughout their hospital stay at a 125-bed community hospital in Northeast Ohio on the general medicine floor. Secondarily, this study also evaluated the administration of pain medications by nursing staff based on patient-reported pain severity scores. Statistical analyses including Chi-square tests, t-tests, Fisher's Exact tests and descriptive statistics were utilized to determine the significance of the data collected. This study found that there was a statistically significant difference between appropriately (47.4%) and inappropriately (52.6%) prescribed pain medications (P less then 0.001). There was also a statistically significant difference between appropriately (40.5%) and inappropriately (59.5%) administered pain medications (P less then 0.001). Pharmacists hope to improve pain management practices by providing education to both providers and nurses to prevent poor patient outcomes and uncontrolled pain.Previous commentaries in Innovations in Pharmacy and other peer reviewed journals have made the case that the analytical framework, if that is not too strong a term, to support pricing and access recommendations endorsed by the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) fails to meet the standards of normal science. By any criteria the ICER analysis is best described as pseudoscience; it fails the demarcation test between biological evolution and intelligent design. Like intelligent design it has its believers; a meme for all seasons. ICER is fully aware of the fact that it fails these standards, yet perseveres. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/luzindole.html Luzindole datasheet] It justifies its cost-per-QALY framework by maintaining3, through unsubstantiated assertions, that it meets standards for scientific credibility; it denies the possibility of negative values and utilities which undercut completely the construction of QALYs. This is nonsense not only does the ICER framework fail those standards, to include axioms of fundamental measurement, but also a simple ruland other payers. Accepting ICER imaginary constructs is an analytical dead end that will stifle the discovery of new facts. The question is so what?Background A key to an effective Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Community Intervention is to understand populations who are most vulnerable to it. We aimed at evaluating characteristics of New York City communities where rates of confirmed COVID-19 cases were particularly high. Methods The study outcomes - neighborhood-specific confirmed COVID-19 cases, positive tests, and COVID-19 attributable deaths were calculated using data extracted from the New York City government health website, which were linked to results from Community Health Survey. Distributions of study outcomes across New York City community districts and their associations with neighborhood characteristics were examined using Jonckheere-Terpstra tests. Results As of May 21, 2010, rates of confirmed cases ranged from 0.8% (Greenwich Village and Soho) to 3.9% (Jackson Heights), and the rates of attributable death from to 0.6‰ (Greenwich Village and Soho) to 4.2‰ (Coney Island). Higher percentages of black, Hispanic and foreign-born populations, lower educational attainment, poverty, lack of health insurance, and suboptimal quality of health care were all factors found to be correlated with increased rates of confirmed COVID-19 cases. Conclusions The epidemiology of COVID-19 exhibited great variations among neighborhoods in New York City. Community interventions aimed at COVID-19 prevention and mitigation should place high priorities in areas with large populations of blacks and Hispanics and economically disadvantages areas.Description of the problem Development of evidence-based educational activities is needed to provide educators with the tools to aid learners in strengthening patient consultation skills in the primary care practice setting, an emerging area of practice in Canada. Objective The objective was to develop an educational activity to bring self-awareness to fourth year pharmacy student and pharmacy resident consultation skills and to determine learner perceptions of this educational activity, including identifying the key areas of skill development that learners found were positively impacted. Description of the innovation An innovative learning activity utilizing audio-video technology to enable recording and reviewing of learner-led patient consultations was developed and implemented within the University of British Columbia Pharmacists Clinic. Learners had the opportunity to lead 60-minute patient consultations. With patient and learner consent, patient consultations were recorded for learner viewing and self-assessment. Pharmacist preceptors supervised and assessed learner performance. Learners completed an online anonymous survey after the learning activity to evaluate its value. Critical analysis Between September 2018 and July 2019, eight pharmacy learners, consisting of student pharmacists (5) and post-graduate pharmacy residents (3) completed the learning activity and provided their feedback. The majority of learners (87.5%) felt the learning activity was beneficial to the development of patient consultation skills. Learners gained awareness of areas requiring improvement which included appropriate questioning, clear and concise language, time management and non-verbal habits. Next steps Adapting and modifying this learning activity to align with specific practice settings and learning objectives is feasible for other primary care practice sites offering experiential practicums.