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Root canal (RC) treatment is most common and effective method for treatment of diseases related to periapical area and pulp of teeth. With the increase in age, the formation of secondary dentin, calcification of canals, and reduction of medullary cavity volume, it becomes increasingly difficult to accomplish a perfect RC treatment, hence the understanding of RC variation and changes in variation with increasing age improves the success rates.<br />The aim of this study was to study the RC variation in the age-group of 10-14 years and to find if the gradual increase in age plays a role in increasing the complexity of RC variation.<br />This study was carried out in Government Medical College, Patna, Bihar, India, from January 2018 to April 2019. Subjects within the age range of 10-14 years were selected conferring to predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects were divided into the groups according to age-Group I 10-11 years, Group II 11-12 years, Group III 12-13 years, and Group IV 13-14 years. Tion according to sex and age. As the groups we included in our study were not wide apart enough in age, a further long-term study is needed to ascertain if the complexity of RC increases with age.<br />Hence, we conclude that no significant difference is seen in RC variation according to sex and age. As the groups we included in our study were not wide apart enough in age, a further long-term study is needed to ascertain if the complexity of RC increases with age.<br />Periapical lesions can be appreciated in the teeth that have underwent root canal treatment leading to more complications. Radiographic as well as histological evaluation is important for definitive diagnosis.<br />The aim of this study was to examine the histology of constant periapical radiolucent lesions that are associated with root canal treated teeth and also to find association between histological findings and radiographic size of lesion as well as existence or nonappearance of a radiopaque lamina.<br />The study included 60 incisors and canines allotted for apical microsurgery. Two observers studied the diameter of periapical radiolucent lesions and the existence or nonappearance of radiopaque lamina. #link# During apical microsurgery, biopsy specimens were collected and after tissue processing oral pathologist examined the specimen under a light microscope. Histological features of the specimen were taken into consideration, and the diagnosis of abscess, cyst, granuloma, and scar tissue were given. Pearson's chi-square test was used to study the established relationship between histological diagnosis and lesion size.<br />Results indicated that 68.33% of lesions were granulomas, 23.33% were cysts, 5% were abscesses, and 3.33% were scar tissue.<br />According to histological results, most of the lesions in this study were granulomas, followed by cysts. Abscesses and scar tissues were rare.<br />According to histological results, most of the lesions in this study were granulomas, followed by cysts. Abscesses and scar tissues were rare.<br />Regeneration, in the field of endodontics, is the process of restoring and maintaining both architectural form and biological functions of damaged tooth. Presently, regenerative endodontics is not hypothetical and is an alternative to conventional apexification procedures. There is a deficient knowledge concerning the role of intracanal medicaments and their effect on dental stem cells.<br />The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of commonly used intracanal medicaments on the viability of dental stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAPs).<br />SCAPs were cultured and subjected to various concentrations including triple antibiotic paste, double antibiotic paste, Augmentin, and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)<br />). Viable percentage of stem cell counts was obtained 3 days after treatment.<br />[https://www.selleckchem.com/products/akti-1-2.html Akti-1/2 price] used hereby significantly decreased SCAP cell survival at particular concentrations, whereas Ca(OH)<br />showed stimulating effect on SCAP survival.<br />As per results obtained within limitations of this study, use of Ca(OH)<br />in regenerative endodontics in comparison to different commonly used antimicrobial combinations is recommended. Hereby, for clinical use, we suggest adequate concentrations of antimicrobials with adequate antibacterial efficacy should be used.<br />As per results obtained within limitations of this study, use of Ca(OH)2 in regenerative endodontics in comparison to different commonly used antimicrobial combinations is recommended. Hereby, for clinical use, we suggest adequate concentrations of antimicrobials with adequate antibacterial efficacy should be used.<br />Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of maxillofacial region is the most usual form of neoplasia causing malignancies in India and Asian continent. An increased prevalence of mortality rate by cancer of maxillofacial region was observed in various parts of the world.<br />Our aim was to correlate age and gender with etiopathological factors contributing to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the urban population of Patna in 2 years.<br />Data were extracted from hospital records. A total of 236 cases of histologically confirmed mild to advance stage of OSCC in either gender of 15-80 years of age range were evaluated.<br />Out of 236 histopathologically confirmed patients with OSCC, 172 were male and 64 were female. Insignificant difference was found in all age-groups and in all locations. Most common site was found to be buccal mucosa in both genders. Bony invasion was found to be least common. In our study, it was found that habits of chewing areca nuts, nicotine smoke addiction, consumption of alcohol, combination of chewing nuts and nicotine smoke addiction, and combination of alcohol and nicotine smoke addiction are significantly related to the development of OSCC. No significant association was found between histopathological conclusion and gender in all the four groups, and the prevalence was directly proportional to advancement of age.<br />We concluded that the OSCC do not have any significant relation with the age and gender. The habit of nicotine and areca nut chewing, nicotine smoke addiction, and combination of nicotine smoke addiction and alcohol and chewing nut and nicotine smoke addiction has significant relationship in the development of OSCC.<br />We concluded that the OSCC do not have any significant relation with the age and gender. The habit of nicotine and areca nut chewing, nicotine smoke addiction, and combination of nicotine smoke addiction and alcohol and chewing nut and nicotine smoke addiction has significant relationship in the development of OSCC.