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We suggest how these dynamic male structures may interact with structures of the female cloacal urodeum and how these morphological changes, in concert with the varying material properties of the structural tissue compartments visualized in this study, aid copulatory gamete transfer and resulting fecundity. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Nile crocodile glans inflation produces a reproductively relevant copulatory structure directing insemination and female tissue interactions. Pairing magnetic resonance imaging 3D reconstruction with corresponding histology effectively studies functional anatomy. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) are a group of diverse ion channels that are gated by ligands and play important roles in normal physiological and pathological conditions. Many of them are drug targets that have been pursued, are being pursued, and will likely be pursued in the future by pharmaceutical companies and academic groups for a variety of diseases. One of those LGICs is the GABAA receptor, a heterooligomeric chloride channel that can be blocked and modulated at various sites. In order to study the receptor's functional response to compounds, the manual patch-clamp method provides a detailed but low-throughput electrophysiological characterization. QPatch II, a next-generation automated patch clamp machine that was recently developed by Sophion Bioscience, provides an automated electrophysiological study of ion channels. In this article, we use the GABAA receptor as an example for studying LGICs and describe two detailed protocols for using QPatch II to carry out pharmacological studies on the receptor. © 2020 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1 Ligand concentration-response experiment (GABA receptor) on QPatch II Alternate Protocol Non-cumulative ligand concentration-response experiment (GABA receptor) on QPatch II Support Protocol 1 Cell culture of HEK293-hGABA (α5β3γ2) Support Protocol 2 Data analysis for Basic Protocol 1 Support Protocol 3 Data analysis for Alternate Protocol Basic Protocol 2 Antagonist dose-response experiment (GABA receptor) on QPatch II Support Protocol 3 Data analysis for Basic Protocol 2.Medicinal mushrooms of the order Polyporales have a long history of use, which is evidenced by the finding of dissected fruiting bodies with Ötzi, who lived over 5000 years ago. Because of its valuable biological properties and its use in 18 th and 19 th -century pharmacy, Fomitopsis officinalis used to be mass-collected. Moreover, the large demand for larch wood and non-wood materials&nbsp;caused an excessive exploitation of larch forests, which directly contributed to the disappearance of F. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/4-phenylbutyric-acid-4-pba-.html 4-PBA] officinalis from its natural environment.The qualities of medicinal preparations obtained from the F. officinalis fruiting bodies are determined by the unique composition of its bioactive compounds, such as triterpenoids, polysaccharides, organic acids, coumarins and phenolic compounds. It has been proved that both crude extracts and the compounds isolated from F. officinalis have a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial effects. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Early reports have suggested that smell loss may be an early symptom associated with the pandemic known as COVID-19. The possibility that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) might cause olfactory dysfunction is certainly plausible. Patients presenting to specialized smell clinics are commonly diagnosed with upper respiratory infection (URI)-associated olfactory loss and most are presumed to be viral related. In acute phases of infection, it is common to experience some smell loss as a result of nasal inflammation, mucosal edema, and obstruction of airflow into the olfactory cleft. In most cases, these episodes of smell loss are self-limiting and coincide with resolution of URI symptoms. However, in some cases the smell loss persists for months to years and this is presumed to occur through a more direct olfactory insult by the virus. It remains too early to know whether infection with SARS-CoV-2 causes persistent olfactory dysfunction. However, given the scale of this pandemic, if SARS-CoV-2 does cause chronic olfactory loss in even a small portion of those infected, then the overall population prevalence could be quite large. This review provides a brief, practical overview of viral-associated olfactory loss, realizing that evidence related to COVID-19 will likely not be clear for some time. Our goal is to highlight the existence and importance of this condition and provide information geared for both providers and patients. Practical suggestions regarding evaluation and treatment will be provided, realizing that there may be constraints on medical resources and the nature of this pandemic remains dynamic. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Polyoxometalates have been proposed in the literature as nanoelectronic components, where they could offer key advantages with their structural versatility and rich electrochemistry. Apart from a few studies on their ensemble behaviour (as monolayers or thin films) this potential remains largely unexplored. We synthesised a pyridyl-capped Anderson-Evans polyoxometalate and used it to fabricate single-molecule junctions, using the organic termini to chemically "solder" a single cluster to two nanoelectrodes. Operating the device in an electrochemical environment allowed us to probe charge transport through different oxidation states of the polyoxometalate, and we report here an efficient three-state transistor behaviour. Conductance data fits a quantum tunnelling mechanism with different charge transport probabilities through different charge states. Our results show the promise of polyoxometalates in nanoelectronics and give an insight on their single-entity electrochemical behaviour. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim.An 84-year-old woman was transferred to a tertiary care center with 3 days of fevers, trismus, acute bilateral temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain, and neck pain following a dental procedure. She had been treated empirically with broad-spectrum antibiotics and developed hypotension requiring vasopressors. CRP was &gt;300 mg/L; ESR was 111 mm/h. Given fever and temporal "pain out of proportion" to exam, she had undergone surgical incision of the TMJs and temporal artery biopsy to exclude septic arthritis and giant cell arteritis, respectively. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.