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In recent years, online disinformation has increased. Fake news has been spreading about the COVID-19 pandemic. Since January 2020, the culprits and antidotes to disinformation have been digital media and social media.<br />Our study aimed to develop and test the psychometric properties of the 12-item Social Media Disinformation Scale (SMDS-12), which assesses the consumption, confidence, and sharing of information related to COVID-19 by social media users.<br />A total of 874 subjects were recruited over two phases the exploratory phase group had a mean age of 28.39 years (SD 9.32) and the confirmatory phase group had a mean age of 32.84 years (SD 12.72). Participants completed the SMDS-12, the Internet Addiction Test, the COVID-19 Fear Scale, and the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale. The SMDS-12 was initially tested by exploratory factor analysis and was subsequently tested by confirmatory factor analysis.<br />The test supported the three-factor structure. In addition, no items were removed from the measurement scaapted to measure the credibility of disinformation in other contexts.<br />The SMDS-12 can be reliably utilized to measure the credibility of social media disinformation and can be adapted to measure the credibility of disinformation in other contexts.<br />To describe the relationship between maxillary sinus (MS) and upper teeth based on cone beam computed tomographic scans (CBCT).<br />Based on CBCT maxillary imaging data of 147 patients, distance between MS and apices of canines and posterior maxillary teeth were assessed. Distances between tooth roots and sinus were classified into three groups distant (&gt;2 mm), close (&lt;2 mm) or in contact with MS. Teeth with apical lesions and uncommon root configurations were excluded.<br />In total, 1075 teeth of maxillary canines, upper premolars and upper molars were included in this study. Teeth most often in contact with MS were the second (89%) and first (81%) maxillary molar without any significant difference (p=0.19). Roots most often in contact with MS were the mesiobuccal and distobuccal root of the second molar (85% and 76%; p=&lt;0.01) followed by the palatal root of the first molar (73%). A fifth of the upper canines are situated less than 2 mm from MS.<br />More than four out of five upper molars (first and second) are in a close relationship to the MS. Knowledge of the anatomical relationship between posterior maxillary teeth and the MS is important for diagnosis and treatment in this area.<br />More than four out of five upper molars (first and second) are in a close relationship to the MS. Knowledge of the anatomical relationship between posterior maxillary teeth and the MS is important for diagnosis and treatment in this area.<br />Afirma gene expression classifier (GEC) is an adjunct to thyroid fine needle aspiration shown to improve pre-operative risk assessment and reduce unnecessary surgery of indeterminate thyroid nodules. Genomic sequencing classifier (GSC) is a newer version aiming to improve specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) of Afirma testing. There are limited studies comparing GSC vs GEC. This study was undertaken to compare these classifiers in terms of diagnostic performance and effect on clinical management of indeterminate thyroid nodules.<br />The study cohort consisted of patients with thyroid nodules that had a recurrent cytologic diagnosis of atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) and were tested by either GEC or GSC. Patient demographics, nodule size, and clinical follow-up were recorded. Benign call rate (BCR) of Afirma testing, rate of subsequent surgery (RSS), rate of histology-confirmed malignancy (RHM), as well as diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, PPV, negative predicative value (NPV), and accuracy were calculated and compared between GSC and GEC cohorts.<br />Among 264 AUS/FLUS thyroid nodules, 127 and 137 were tested with GEC and GSC, respectively. Compared to GEC, GSC demonstrated increased BCR (77.3% vs 52%), decreased RSS (31.4% vs 51.2%), greater RHM (29% vs 9.8%) associated with a suspicious Afirma result, as well as improved specificity (82.8% vs 54.5%), PPV (29% vs 9.8%), and diagnostic accuracy (83.9% vs 56.7%), while maintaining high sensitivity and NPV.<br />Afirma GSC substantially improved BCR, RSS, RHM, and diagnostic performance, enhancing appropriate triage and thereby helped avoid unnecessary surgery in AUS/FLUS thyroid nodules.<br />Afirma GSC substantially improved BCR, RSS, RHM, and diagnostic performance, enhancing appropriate triage and thereby helped avoid unnecessary surgery in AUS/FLUS thyroid nodules.Dinosaurs possess a form of tooth attachment wherein an unmineralized periodontal ligament suspends each tooth within a socket, similar to the condition in mammals and crocodylians. However, little information is known about tooth attachment and implantation in their close relatives, the silesaurids. We conducted a histological survey of several silesaurid taxa to determine the nature of tooth attachment in this phylogenetically and paleoecologically important group of archosaurs. Our histological data demonstrate that these early dinosauriforms do not exhibit the crocodilian/dinosaur condition of a permanent gomphosis, nor the rapid ankylosis that is plesiomorphic for amniotes. Instead, all sampled silesaurids exhibit delayed ankylosis, a condition in which teeth pass through a prolonged stage where the teeth are suspended in sockets by a periodontal ligament, followed by eventual mineralization and fusion of the tooth to the jaws. This suggests that tooth attachment in crocodylians and dinosaurs represent the further retention of an early ontogenetic stage compared to silesaurids, a paedomorphic trend that is mirrored in the evolution of synapsid tooth attachment. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/alizarin-red-s.html Alizarin Red S price] It also suggests that the dinosaur and crocodylian gomphosis was convergently acquired via heterochrony or, less likely, that the silesaurid condition represents a reversal to a plesiomorphic state. Moreover, if Silesauridae is nested within Ornithischia, a permanent gomphosis could be convergent between the two main dinosaur lineages, Ornithischia and Saurischia. These results demonstrate that dental characters in early archosaur phylogenies must be chosen and defined carefully, taking into account the relative duration of the different phases of dental ontogeny.