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The phenotypic change of macrophages (Mφs) plays a crucial role in the musculoskeletal homeostasis and repair process. Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown as a novel approach in tissue regeneration, the therapeutic potential of MSCs mediated by the interaction between MSC-derived paracrine mediators and Mφs remains elusive. This review focused on the elucidation of paracrine crosstalk between MSCs and Mφs during musculoskeletal diseases and injury. The search method was based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and Cochrane Guidelines. The search strategies included MeSH terms and other related terms of MSC-derived mediators and Mφs. Ten studies formed the basis of this review. The current finding suggested that MSC administration promoted proliferation and activation of CD163+ or CD206+ M2 Mφs in parallel with reduction of proinflammatory cytokines and increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines. During such period, Mφs also induced MSCs into a motile and active phenotype via the influence of proinflammatory cytokines. Such crosstalk between Mφs and MSCs further strengthens the effect of paracrine mediators from MSCs to regulate Mφs phenotypic alteration. In conclusion, MSCs in musculoskeletal system, mediated by the interaction between MSC paracrine and Mφs, have therapeutic potential in musculoskeletal diseases.Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a large class of polyesters that are biosynthesized by microorganisms at large molecular weights (Mw &gt; 80 kDa) and have a great potential for medical applications because of their recognized biocompatibility. Among PHAs, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), poly(4-hydroxybutyrate), poly(3-hydroxyvalerate), poly(4-hydroxyvalerate), and their copolymers are proposed to be used in biomedicine, but only poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) has been certified for medical application. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cc-92480.html CC92480] Along with the hydrolysis of these polymers, low molecular weight oligomers are released typically. In this study, we have used a computational approach to assess the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)-Tox profiles of low molecular weight oligomers (≤32 units) consisting of 3-hydroxybutyrate, 4-hydroxybutyrate, 3-hydroxyvalerate, 4-hydroxyvalerate, 3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate, and the hypothetical PHA consisting of 4-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxyvalerate. According to our simulations, these oligomers do not show cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity or mutagenicity, and are neither substrates nor inhibitors of the cytochromes involved in the xenobiotic's metabolism. They also do not affect the human organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2). However, they are considered to be inhibitors of the organic anion transporters OATP1B1, and OATP1B3. In addition, they may produce eye irritation, and corrosion, skin irritation and have a low antagonistic effect on the androgen receptor.The anaerobic growth of B. subtilis to synthesize surfactin poses an alternative strategy to conventional aerobic cultivations. In general, the strong foam formation observed during aerobic processes represents a major obstacle. Anaerobic processes have, amongst others, the distinct advantage that the total bioreactor volume can be exploited as foaming does not occur. Recent studies also reported on promising product per biomass yields. However, anaerobic growth in comparison to aerobic processes has several disadvantages. For example, the overall titers are comparably low and cultivations are time-consuming due to low growth rates. B. subtilis JABs24, a derivate of strain 168 with the ability to synthesize surfactin, was used as model strain in this study. Ammonium and nitrite were hypothesized to negatively influence anaerobic growth. Ammonium with initial concentrations up to 0.2 mol/L was shown to have no significant impact on growth, but increasing concentrations resulted in decreased surfactin titers anth rate μ by 44% and 30%, respectively. To conclude, acetate was identified as a promising target for future process enhancement and strain engineering. Though, the current study demonstrates that the anaerobic cultivation to synthesize surfactin represents a reasonable perspective and feasible alternative to conventional processes.Transcription and translation are at the heart of metabolism and signal transduction. In this study, we developed an effective biophysical modeling approach to simulate transcription and translation processes. The model, composed of coupled ordinary differential equations, was tested by comparing simulations of two cell free synthetic circuits with experimental measurements generated in this study. First, we considered a simple circuit in which sigma factor 70 induced the expression of green fluorescent protein. This relatively simple case was then followed by a more complex negative feedback circuit in which two control genes were coupled to the expression of a third reporter gene, green fluorescent protein. Many of the model parameters were estimated from previous biophysical studies in the literature, while the remaining unknown model parameters for each circuit were estimated by minimizing the difference between model simulations and messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein measurements generated in this study. In particular, either parameter estimates from published studies were used directly, or characteristic values found in the literature were used to establish feasible ranges for the parameter estimation problem. In order to perform a detailed analysis of the influence of individual model parameters on the expression dynamics of each circuit, global sensitivity analysis was used. Taken together, the effective biophysical modeling approach captured the expression dynamics, including the transcription dynamics, for the two synthetic cell free circuits. While, we considered only two circuits here, this approach could potentially be extended to simulate other genetic circuits in both cell free and whole cell biomolecular applications as the equations governing the regulatory control functions are modular and easily modifiable. The model code, parameters, and analysis scripts are available for download under an MIT software license from the Varnerlab GitHub repository.