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In this paper, a&nbsp;survey of 180 inscriptions in Tamil between 1346 CE and 1400 CE is analysed for its notions and visualization of astral themes present in the epigraphical inscriptions as well as for the calendrical practices implicit in those inscriptions. I&nbsp;demonstrate the rich diversity of calendrical practices employed in this period. Although there are clear local usages, the applied methods of identification show that in several cases methods from other Indian calendrical traditions have also been used. This applies both to the year and the month. In contrast, the use of the weekday is not widely seen in the inscriptions of this region following the local system. The study also clarifies that the inscriptions are a&nbsp;useful documentary source for other astronomical observations such as eclipses and solstices undertaken in southern Indian locations in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.Significant progress has been made in understanding Mesopotamian astronomy and astrology since the decipherment of cuneiform tablets containing astronomical and astrological texts in the late nineteenth century. However, until now few attempts have been made to write a&nbsp;detailed history of the Mesopotamian astral sciences as opposed to detailed studies of particular texts and types of astronomy or astrology. My aim in this paper is to present some ideas of how such a&nbsp;history should be written and in particular to consider if and how visual evidence can be brought alongside textual evidence in the writing of this history.AIM The aim of this study was to analyze dental and soft tissue profile development in children with normal occlusions to establish age- and gender-specific reference intervals for German children during their active growth period. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study group consisted of a&nbsp;sample of 31 untreated Caucasian subjects with normal occlusions. Dental casts were analyzed at four different stages of dentitional development. Extraoral profile photographs were available for 19&nbsp;subjects at stages T2-T4. [https://www.selleckchem.com/ selleck chemical] In these subjects 11&nbsp;angular measurements and 14&nbsp;indices were analyzed. Statistical comparisons of gender-specific differences were performed by Mann-Whitney&nbsp;U tests (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS Upper and lower posterior and total arch perimeters were recorded to be significantly larger in male subjects until the late mixed dentition. Subsequently, there was a&nbsp;tendency toward larger dimensions in males for those parameters. Upper and lower intercanine, interpremolar and intermolar widths were significantly larger in males throughout the entire observation period. There were no statistically significant gender differences with regard to most angular measurements in the dental arches, including molar rotation, palatal volume, overbite, overjet and molar relationship at later dental stages. CONCLUSION In untreated subjects with normal occlusion, dental arch and soft tissue parameters can be considered age-dependent. For some dental parameters, gender-specific differences were found that should be taken into consideration during diagnosis and treatment planning of growing children. The obtained longitudinal data of untreated children provide useful information for orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning and future research projects.Nonpoint source pollution conveyed by stormwater in urban areas poses a significant threat to quality of waterbodies in the US. In the absence of systematic regulations on household stormwater management, municipalities rely largely on educational programs to encourage voluntary adoption of lawncare best management practices (BMPs) by residents who slow down and temporarily capture excess stormwater and filter out pollutants entering waterways. The current literature on factors influencing urban dwellers' adoption of lawncare BMPs mostly focuses on demographics, barriers to adoption, and effectiveness of education and outreach programs. This study applies the reasoned action approach (RAA) behavioral theory to investigate how the combination of individuals' attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control may affect their decision to adopt three lawncare BMPs, including mulching and fertilizer/pesticide avoidance, and support a municipal ban on lawncare chemicals. We use survey data (n = 235) from residents in two neighboring cities in central Maine, USA. We found that perceived behavioral control predicted fertilizer/pesticide avoidance and mulching, and that beliefs and attitudes toward the outcomes of adopting lawncare BMPS were positively associated with mulching and support for a municipal ban on lawncare chemicals. We observed statistically significant but inconsistent associations between several independent variables-including descriptive and injunctive social norms, gender, level of education, age, and home ownership status-and our dependent variables of interest. The findings provide insights into an underexplored set of factors and confirmatory evidence for previously tested factors influencing urban residents' BMP adoption, and suggest new strategies and communication frames for environmental managers and researchers.PURPOSE The aim of this study is to use functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) to analyse the cortical presentation of selected language functions in patients after a total laryngectomy. METHODS Eighteen patients after total laryngectomy treated with electrolarynx speech and 18 volunteers were included. The mean number of patients' post-operative speech rehabilitation sessions was five (range of 3-8 sessions). Four paradigms were used, including noun generation, pseudoword reading, reading phrases with pseudowords, and nonliteral sign reproduction. RESULTS In noun, the most significant difference between the groups was the stronger activation of both lingual gyri in the volunteers. Pseudoword reading resulted in stronger activations in patients than in volunteers in the lingual gyri, the right cerebellum, the right Broca's area, and the right parietal operculum. Reading phrases with pseudowords involved different parts of the Brodmann area 40. During nonliteral sign reproduction, there was a stronger activation of the left Broca's area in volunteers and a stronger activation of the left premotor cortex in patients.