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Corona virus disease (COVID-19) has created pandemic in the world as declared by WHO on March 12, 2020. It is a viral disease caused by SARS-CoV 2 virus and has affected large populations in over 120 countries. There is no specific treatment available and management is empirical. Until such time that an effective vaccine is available for COVID-19 viral infection, one can repurpose known therapeutic drug molecules such as angiotensin receptor 2 blocker, a commonly used antihypertensive drug, to control COVID-19 virus from gaining entry into the host cell by blocking the angiotensin receptor. Clinical trials should also be undertaken to use statins, which are lipid-lowering drugs but have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties to prevent acute lung injury in COVID-19 infection. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.To explore the gendered nature of the nursing working force To consider current initiatives and programmes to encourage men to enter the nursing profession. To understand some of the barriers to recruiting men into the nursing profession. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.AIMS Olaparib, a potent oral poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, is partially hepatically cleared. We investigated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of olaparib in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment to provide dosing recommendations. METHODS This Phase I open-label study assessed the PK, safety and tolerability of single doses of olaparib 300-mg tablets in patients with advanced solid tumours. Patients had normal hepatic function (NHF), or mild (MiHI; Child-Pugh class A) or moderate (MoHI; Child-Pugh class B) hepatic impairment. Blood was collected for PK assessments for 96 hours. Patients could continue taking olaparib 300 mg twice daily for long-term safety assessment. RESULTS Thirty-one patients received ≥1 dose of olaparib and 30 were included in the PK assessment. Patients with MiHI had an area under the curve geometric least-squares mean (GLSmean) ratio of 1.15 (90% confidence interval 0.72, 1.83) and a GLSmean maximum plasma concentration ratio of 1.13 (0.82, 1.56) vs those with NHF. In patients with MoHI, GLSmean ratio for area under the curve was 1.08 (0.66, 1.74) and for maximum plasma concentration was 0.87 (0.63, 1.22) vs those with NHF. For patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment, no new safety signals were detected. CONCLUSION Patients with MiHI or MoHI had no clinically significant changes in exposure to olaparib compared with patients with NHF. The safety profile of olaparib did not differ from a clinically relevant extent between cohorts. No olaparib tablet or capsule dose reductions are required for patients with MiHI or MoHI. © 2020 The British Pharmacological Society.BACKGROUND Recent vancomycin PK/PD and toxicodynamic studies enable a reassessment of the current dosing and monitoring guideline in an attempt to further optimize the efficacy and safety of vancomycin therapy. The area-under-the-curve to minimum inhibitory concentration (AUC/MIC) has been identified as the most appropriate pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target for vancomycin. The 2009 vancomycin consenus guidelines recommended specific trough concentrations as a surrogate marker for AUC/MIC. However, more recent toxicodynamic studies have reported an increase in nephrotoxicity associated with trough monitoring. METHODS AND RESULTS This is the executive summary of the new vancomycin consensus guidelines for dosing and monitoring vancomycin therapy and was developed by the American Society of Health-Systems Pharmacists, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists vancomycin consensus guidelines committee. CONCLUSIONS The recommendations provided in this document are intended to assist the clinician in optimizing vancomycin for the treatment of invasive MRSA infections in adult and pediatric patients. An AUC/MIC by broth microdilution (BMD) ratio of 400 to 600 (assuming MICBMD of 1 mg/L) should be advocated as the target to achieve clinical efficacy while improving patient safety for patients with serious MRSA infections. In such cases, AUC-guided dosing and monitoring is the most accurate and optimal way to manage vancomycin therapy. © 2020 Pharmacotherapy Publications, Inc.BACKGROUND The general enzymatic method for producing reducing sugar is liquefaction followed by saccharification of starch. This method results in lower yields, consuming high energy and time. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mrt68921.html this website] Therefore, the present study evaluated a new approach for producing reducing sugar from sweet potato starch (SPS), including simultaneous liquefaction (by α-amylase) and saccharification (by glucoamylase) of SPS pretreated with high power ultrasound. The effects of ultrasound parameters on the conversion rate of SPS and mechanism were investigated. RESULTS The optimum ultrasound pretreatment conditions were a frequency of 20 kHz, SPS concentration of 125 g L-1 , temperature of 30 °C, pulsed on-time of 3 s, pulsed off-time of 5 s, power density of 8 W mL-1 and sonication time of 15 min. The ultrasound assisted enzymolysis resulted in a SPS conversion rate of 59.10%, which was improved by 56.35% compared to the control. The results of pasting properties and thermal analysis showed that ultrasound pretreatment decreased the peak viscosity, breakdown temperature, setback viscosity, gelatinization range (TC  - TO ) and enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH) of SPS significantly (P  less then  0.05) by 12.1%, 7.6%, 6.6%, 18.8% and 44.4%, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that ultrasound damaged the ordered structures and crystallization zone. This was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis, which showed that the relative crystallinity was reduced by 15.0%. Scanning electron microscopy showed that ultrasound destroyed the surfaces and the linkages between starch granules. CONCLUSION Prior to simultaneous liquefaction and saccharification of SPS, high power ultrasound pretreatment is a promising method for improving the conversion rate of starch. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.