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Testicular germ cell tumors are among the most common malignancies seen in children and young adults. Genomic studies have identified characteristic molecular profiles in testicular cancer, which are associated with histologic subtypes and may predict clinical behavior including treatment responses. Emerging molecular technologies analyzing tumor genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics may now guide precision management of testicular tumors. Laser-assisted microdissection methods such as laser capture microdissection efficiently isolate selected tumor cells from routine pathology specimens, avoiding contamination from nontarget cell populations. Laser capture microdissection in combination with next generation sequencing makes precise high throughput genetic evaluation effective and efficient. The use of laser capture microdissection (LCM) for molecular testing may translate into great benefits for the clinical management of patients with testicular cancers. This review discusses application protocols for laser-assisted microdissection to investigate testicular germ cell tumors.Germ cell tumors (GCT) in men comprise of tumor subtypes with distinct histomorphologies, genetic and genomic alterations, and clinical behavior. Immunohistochemical (IHC) markers, including many newly described nuclear transcription factors, are often applied in challenging cases to arrive at a correct diagnosis and classification, and to establish germ cell origin for metastatic tumors. However, there is no established role for IHC markers in prognosis and therapy response prediction in GCTs. This chapter briefly reviews the clinical utility of IHC in diagnosis and classification of GCTs, including technical aspects of performing IHC and clinical applications of commonly used IHC markers in the workup of common and clinically relevant diagnostic scenarios.This chapter introduces the macroscopic and light microscopic features of testicular germ cell tumors (GCT) commonly encountered in clinical practice. Accurate diagnosis of these histologically diverse neoplasms is essential not only for clinical management but also for serving as the basis for interpretation of research findings. We will focus on general histopathologic concepts and discuss the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) as an aid to the diagnosis.<br />Neuroinflammation has a critic role in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases. The activation of microglia is the main actor in this process. The aim of this study to collect data on the role of microglial activation in the etiology, and the possible continuum at the stage of disease through the evaluation of serum galectin-3 levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).<br />This was a prospective and cross-sectional study conducted on patients who were diagnosed as having AD using the criteria of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) and stages determined with the scales of Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) with healthy controls.<br />In our study, we studied 118 people, 57 with AD and 61 healthy people as a control group. In the AD patient group, serum galectin-3 levels were higher compared with the control group (p = 0.003). There were no significant differences in either group in other collected parameters (p &gt; 0.05). [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bleximenib-oxalate.html Epigenetics inhibitor] It was observed that in all patients with AD, parallel to the stage of the disease, serum galectin-3 levels, patience's age, and duration of disease were statically and significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05).<br />In conclusion, serum galactin-3 levels may be associated with AD and maybe a potential biomarker for the identification of disease in the early stages. In future years, serum galectin-3 levels may become an important biomarker and therapeutic agent for chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.<br />In conclusion, serum galactin-3 levels may be associated with AD and maybe a potential biomarker for the identification of disease in the early stages. In future years, serum galectin-3 levels may become an important biomarker and therapeutic agent for chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.<br />To investigate the actual attitude of Radiation Oncologists in the prescription of hormonal therapy in prostate cancer (PC) with or without Radiation Therapy (RT).<br />In 2019, a survey named Prescription of Radiation Oncologists ACtual Attitude including 18 items was sent to all Italian Radiation Oncologists of the Italian Association of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology. The first 4 items were about the Radiation Oncology Centers characteristics and years of practice of the respondents. The remaining 14 items concerned the setting in which hormone therapy was prescribed in PC patients (radical, postprostatectomy/oligometastatic state), the kind of drug, the choice modality (Multidisciplinary Group/autonomy decision) and other factors.<br />A total of 127 questionnaires were returned, mainly by Northern Italy Radiation Oncology Centres (44.9%), and by experienced Radiation Oncologists (78%), who declared to prescribe independently hormone therapy in 85.8% of cases. The Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) prescription in castration naive PC was made independently by 56.7% of respondents and associated with radical RT, postoperative or salvage RT according to various risk factors. In castration-sensitive oligorecurrent PC, the majority (51.2%) administered ADT only if local ablative treatment was not feasible, while in metastatic castration resistant disease novel hormone therapy use was established in almost half of cases within multidisciplinary board. Radiation Oncologists could prescribe these drugs independently in 64% of cases.<br />Our survey established the prescription attitude of ADT and new hormonal agents (abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide) by Italian Radiation Oncologists and highlighted the importance of expertise in global PC management.<br />Our survey established the prescription attitude of ADT and new hormonal agents (abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide) by Italian Radiation Oncologists and highlighted the importance of expertise in global PC management.