Auxin transmission transduction

BACKGROUND Distal transradial access (dTRA), through the anatomical snuffbox (AS) of the hand, is a novel, potentially beneficial, vascular access for patients undergoing coronary procedures. METHOD Consecutive patients with an indication for coronary angiography and/or PCI were enrolled in our tertiary center, from November 2018 to March 2019. The success rate of the procedure, the incidence of local complications, the time required for hemostasis and the incidence of radial artery occlusion (RAO) were evaluated. RESULTS Α total of 167 patients were catheterized through the dTRA (79.6% men, 20.4% women), with a median age 64 years. The indication for catheterization was ACS in 80 (47.9%) patients, stable coronary artery disease in 51 (30.5%) patients and other reasons in 36 (21.6%) patients. Fifty patients (32.9%) underwent PCI. Successful sheath insertion was recorded in 152 (91.0%) patients. The mean time to hemostasis after sheath removal was 52±11 minutes. Vascular access site complications were evaluated with ultrasound in 62 (40.8%) of the enrolled patients, 40±15 days after the procedure. Among them, 2 (3.2%) patients presented with arteriovenous fistula, and 2 (3.2%) with local occlusion at the puncture site within the AS and distal to the transverse ligament, with preservation of the patency of the radial artery proximally to the radial styloid process. CONCLUSION The dTRA may be a feasible and safe access site for diagnostic and interventional coronary procedures, with decreased incidence of RAO and time required for hemostasis compared to classical radial artery access. Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a frequent echocardiographic finding and can be found in approximately 15-25% of the general population1 (Figure 1). The incidence of PFO is 2- to 3-fold higher in patients with stroke of undetermined etiology compared to the general population, a finding that implies a causative role of PFO in patients with stroke of undetermined etiology 2,3. In this context, percutaneous PFO closure has been increasingly used as a strategy to prevent stroke recurrence in patients with stroke of no apparent cause 4. During the recent years, evidence about the efficacy and safety of this strategy has accumulated through observational studies and well-designed randomized trials5-12.This paper is a consensus statement of expert panelists from the Hellenic Stroke Organization (HSO) and the Working Group for Stroke of the Hellenic Society of Cardiology (HSC) for the secondary prevention in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source and PFO. It aims to assist clinicians, patients/families and the Hellenic regulatory authorities to design optimal secondary prevention strategies for this patient population. The recommendations of the panelists are summarized in Table 1. The aim of the current study was the development of pediatric-friendly 3D printed chocolate-based oral dosage forms. Corn syrup was used to both facilitate the incorporation of a lipophilic, namely ibuprofen or a hydrophilic, namely paracetamol, active compound that were used as model drugs and to enable 3D printing of the chocolate-based dosage forms. Physicochemical (differential scanning calorimetry, X-Ray diffraction, Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy, particle size distribution) and rheological studies were applied for the characterization of the prepared chocolate-based formulations. Texture profile analysis and in vitro digestion studies were performed in order to further analyze the texture attributes and to evaluate drug dissolution of the final dosage forms, respectively. In the present study, we reported on a facile method for the preparation of a 3D printed chewable chocolate-based dosage form with rapid and high release of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs in simulated salivary fluid. PLX4032 The application of 3D printing technology enables accuracy in dose adjustment, while at the same time introducing the potential of patient's active involvement in customization of the design, textural and organoleptic properties of the final dosage form. Dehydroandrographolide succinate (DAS) injection, which was approved in China for the treatment of viral pneumonia and upper respiratory tract infections, is often off-label used for nebulization therapy to avoid the adverse drug reactions associated with the injection. However, the aerodynamic properties and pulmonary fate of nebulized DAS was largely uninvestigated. In this study, the main objectives were to evaluate the in vitro aerodynamic deposition profiles of nebulizer generated aerosols and comparatively investigate the local drug availability and anti-inflammatory efficacy of DAS between intratracheal and intravenous dosing. The in vitro evaluation of aerodynamic characteristics and droplet size distribution showed more than 50% aerosol particles with size being less then 5 μm, allowing the aerosols to reach the lower respiratory tract. Following intratracheal administration, the drug underwent pulmonary absorption into the bloodstream, rendering an absolute bioavailability of 47.3%. Compared to the intravenous delivery, the intratracheal administration dramatically increased the drug availability in the lung tissue in rats by more than 80-fold, leading to an improved and prolonged local anti-inflammatory efficacy in a lipopolysaccharide induced lung injury model in mice. The present results demonstrated that inhalation delivery of DAS is a convenient and effective alternative to intravenous injections. The present study investigates the drug release-governing microstructural properties of melt spray congealed microspheres encapsulating the drug crystals in the matrix of glyceryl behenate and poloxamer (pore former). The solid-state, morphology, and micromeritics of the microspheres were characterized, before and after annealing, using calorimetry, X-ray scattering, porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and, NMR diffusometry. The in vitro drug release from and water uptake by the microspheres were obtained. The extent and the rate of drug release from the microspheres increased with a high poloxamer content and at higher annealing temperature and RH. All the drug release profiles were describable using the Higuchi release kinetics pointing towards the diffusion controlled release, both before and after annealing. The annealing process led to the polymorphic conversion of lipid and the increase in the pore size, predominantly at a higher temperature and humidity and for a high poloxamer content. The poloxamer domain increased from an initial 300 nm, up to 2000 nm upon annealing.