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People living with HIV (PLHIV) suffer from mental issues and need emotional support. Counselling is a part of HIV and AIDS care and management, and provides emotional support to PLHIV. Knowledge about HIV and AIDS care and management is not part of the counselling training curriculum in Malaysia. This study aims to explore the challenges experienced by registered counsellors who engage in counselling sessions with PLHIV. A total of five counsellors participated in this qualitative research. Data were gathered through a series of semi-structured interviews, and each of the interviews was conducted within one and half hours. Each of the participants was interviewed three times. The interviews were audio-recorded with the consent of the participants. The emergent themes were further explored in subsequent interviews until thematic saturation was reached, and data were analysed based on the grounded theory approach. The findings showed that lack of knowledge, limited training, and stigma among the registered counsellors contributed to resistance and poor trust among the PLHIV. Knowledge concerning the care and management of HIV and AIDS can be incorporated in a counselling training programme, and ongoing training related to HIV and AIDS are required.SIGNIFICANCE Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of cardiometabolic disorders, which accelerate the risk of developing diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis. Oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammation contribute to insulin resistance (IR) that greatly promote the clinical manifestations of MetS components. Given the growing prevalence of this multifactorial condition, its alerting comorbidities and the absence of specific drugs for treatment, there is an urgent need of prospecting for alternative nutraceutics as effective therapeutic agents for MetS. Recent advances There is a renewed interest in bioactive peptides derived from human and bovine milk proteins given their high potential in magnifying health benefits. Special attention has been paid to glycomacropeptide (GMP), a bioactive and soluble derivative from casein and milk whey, because of the wide range of its health-promoting functions perceived in the MetS and related complications. CRITICAL ISSUES In the present review, the challenging issue relative to clinical utility of GMP in improving MetS outcomes will be critically reported. Its importance in alleviating obesity, OxS, inflammation, IR, dyslipidemia and hypertension will be underlined. The mechanisms of action will be analyzed and the various gaps of knowledge in this area will be specified. buy GA-017 FUTURE DIRECTIONS Valuable data from cellular, preclinical and clinical investigations have emphasized the preventive and therapeutic actions of GMP towards the MetS. However, additional efforts are needed to support its proofs of principle and causative relationship in order to translate its concept into the clinic.This study evaluated potential sex differences in motor unit (MU) behaviour at maximal and submaximal force outputs. Forty-eight, 24 females and 24 males, performed isometric dorsiflexion contractions at 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of a maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Tibialis anterior electromyography was recorded both by surface and intramuscular electrodes. Compared to males, females had a greater MU discharge rate (MUDR) averaged across all submaximal intensities (Δ 0.45 pps, 2.56%). Males exhibited greater increases in MUDR above 40% MVC, surpassing females at 100% MVC (p's less then 0.01). Averaged across all force outputs, females had a greater incidence of doublet and rapid discharges and a greater percentage of MU trains with doublet and rapid (5-10ms) discharges (Δ 75.55% and 61.48% respectively, p's less then 0.01). A sub-set of males (n=8) and females (n=8), matched for maximum force output, revealed that females had even greater MUDR (Δ 1.38 pps, 7.47%) and percentage of MU trains with doublet and rapid discharges (Δ 51.62%, 56.68% respectively, p's less then 0.01) compared to males at each force output, including 100% MVC. Analysis of the sub-set of strength matched males and females suggest that sex differences in MU behaviour may be a result of females needing to generate greater neural drive to achieve fused tetanus. Novelty bullets • Females had higher MUDRs, and greater percentage of motor unit trains with doublets across submax force outputs (20-80%MVC). • Differences were even greater for a strength matched sub-set. • Differences in motor unit behaviour may arise from musculoskeletal differences requiring greater neural drive in females.The renal circadian clock has a major influence on the function of the kidney. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1 (ARNTL; or BMAL1) is a core clock protein and transcription factor that regulates the expression of nearly half of all genes. Using male and female kidney-specific cadherin BMAL1 knockout mice (KS-BMAL1 KO), we examined the role of renal distal segment BMAL1 in blood pressure control and solute handling. We confirmed that this mouse model does not express BMAL1 in the thick ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct cells which are the final locations for solute and fluid regulation. Male KS-BMAL1 KO displayed a substantially lower basal systolic blood pressure (SBP) compared to littermate control mice (CNTL), yet their circadian rhythm in pressure remained unchanged [Male CNTL 127±0.7 (5) vs. KS-BMAL KO 119±2.3 mmHg (4); p less then 0.05]. Female mice, however, did not display a genotype difference in basal SBP [F CNTL 120±1.6 (7) vs. KS-BMAL1 119±1.5 mmHg (5); p=0.4]. In addition, male KS-BMAL1 KO had less sodium retention compared to CNTL in response to a potassium-restricted diet (15% less following 5 days of treatment). However, there was not a genotype difference in sodium handling after a potassium-restricted diet in female mice. Furthermore, there is evidence indicating a sex-specific response to potassium restriction where females reabsorb less sodium in response to this dietary challenge compared to males. We propose that BMAL1 in the distal nephron and collecting duct contributes to blood pressure regulation and sodium handling in a sex-specific manner.