Frster Resonance Energy Shift Measurements in Dwelling Plant Tissues
An
network involving Mtb-MurT, regulatory proteins and cell division proteins was also identified.
Understanding the role of the enzyme complex in the context of PG metabolism and cell division, and the implications for antimicrobial resistance and host immune responses will facilitate the design of therapeutics that are targeted specifically to
Understanding the role of the enzyme complex in the context of PG metabolism and cell division, and the implications for antimicrobial resistance and host immune responses will facilitate the design of therapeutics that are targeted specifically to M. tuberculosis.Long before the nature of infection was recognized, or the significance of biofilms in delayed healing was understood, antimicrobial agents were being used in wound care. In the last 70 years, antibiotics have provided an effective means to control wound infection, but the continued emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains and the documented antibiotic tolerance of biofilms has reduced their effectiveness. A range of wound dressings containing an antimicrobial (antibiotic or non-antibiotic compound) has been developed. Whereas standardized methods for determining the efficacy of non-antibiotic antimicrobials in bacterial suspension tests were developed in the early twentieth century, standardized ways of evaluating the efficacy of antimicrobial dressings against microbial suspensions and biofilms are not available. Resistance to non-antibiotic antimicrobials and cross-resistance with antibiotics has been reported, but consensus on breakpoints is absent and surveillance is impossible. Antimicrobial stewardship is therefore in jeopardy. This review highlights these difficulties and in particular the efficacy of current non-antibiotic antimicrobials used in dressings, their efficacy, and the challenges of translating in vitro efficacy data to the efficacy of dressings in patients. This review calls for a unified approach to developing standardized methods of evaluating antimicrobial dressings that will provide an improved basis for practitioners to make informed choices in wound care.
Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) have an increased susceptibility to fungal infection/allergy, with triazoles often used as first-line therapy. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is essential due to significant pharmacokinetic variability and the recent emergence of triazole resistance worldwide.
In this retrospective study we analysed the 'real-world' TDM of azole therapy in a large CF cohort, risk factors for subtherapeutic dosing, and the emergence of azole resistance.
All adults with CF on azole therapy in a large single UK centre were included. Clinical demographics, TDM and microbiology were analysed over a 2 year study period (2015-17) with multivariate logistic regression used to identify risk factors for subtherapeutic dosing.
91 adults were treated with azole medication during the study period. A high prevalence of chronic subtherapeutic azole dosing was seen with voriconazole (60.8%) and itraconazole capsule (59.6%) use, representing significant risk factors for subtherapeutic levels. Rdinal studies are needed to understand the effects of antifungal resistance on outcome in CF and the implications of subtherapeutic dosing on resistance evolution.
Growing resistance to antimicrobials has become an important health issue of the 21st century. Many international, national and local approaches are being employed for the control and prevention of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Among them, surveillance is reported to be the best method to reduce the spread of infection and thereby AMR. An integral component of AMR surveillance is the informatics suite for collection, storage and analysis of surveillance data.
Considering the traits of an optimal surveillance tool and constraints with existing tools, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) initiated the design and development of ICMR's Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance system (
-AMRSS).
-AMRSS is a web-based tool built using modular architecture. It is capable of collecting standardized data from small laboratories to generate local and nationwide reports.
-AMRSS is a robust, comprehensive, modular, extensible and intelligent open-source tool piloted in ICMR's AMR Network (31 hospitals and laboratories across India) since 2016. The developed tool has collected more than 280 000 patient records to date.
The standardized data collected through
-AMRSS would be valuable for various collaborators to monitor outbreaks and infection control practices, evaluate transmission dynamics and formulate antibiotic use and selling policies. The tool is presently being used to capture human testing and consumption data, however, it can be extended for AMR surveillance using a 'One Health' approach.
The standardized data collected through i-AMRSS would be valuable for various collaborators to monitor outbreaks and infection control practices, evaluate transmission dynamics and formulate antibiotic use and selling policies. The tool is presently being used to capture human testing and consumption data, however, it can be extended for AMR surveillance using a 'One Health' approach.
Early
studies suggested that flavophospholipol has plasmid-curing effects and could inhibit conjugation by disrupting pilus formation between bacteria.
This 36-day controlled-challenge study aimed to evaluate the anti-conjugative and plasmid-curing effect of flavophospholipol
on plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in MDR transconjugant
Enteritidis in chickens.
A total of 270-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to four control and four treatment groups with two doses of in-feed flavophospholipol (10 ppm and 64 ppm) and in the presence and absence of ampicillin in drinking water. BB-2516 manufacturer Chicks were orally challenged with
Enteritidis with known plasmid-encoded AMR factors. Cloacal swabs were collected on Day 7, 14 and 23. On Day 35, all chickens were euthanized, and caecal tissue and content were collected. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done with a panel of 12 antimicrobials and interpreted according to CLSI breakpoints.
Flavophospholipol given in-feed at 64 ppm had an anti-conjugative effect.