A new fluidsupported 3D hydrogel bioprinting approach

There are three isoforms of mammalian NPs, namely ANP, BNP and CNP. These peptides bind to membrane-bound NP receptors (NPRs) on the heart, vasculature and kidney to lower blood pressure and circulating volume. Intravenous infusion of NPs in HF patients improves hemodynamic status but is associated with occasional severe hypotension. Apart from mammalian NPs, snake venom NPs are an excellent source of pharmacologically distinct ligands that offer the possibility of engineering NPs for therapeutic purposes. Venom NPs have long half-lives, differential NPR activation profiles and varied NPR specificity. The scaffolds of venom NPs encode the molecular information for designing NPs with longer half-lives and improved and differential vascular and renal functions. This review focuses on the structure-function paradigm of mammalian and venom NPs and the different peptide engineering strategies that have been utilized in the design of clinically relevant new NP-analogues. see more This study investigated the effects of drug recrystallization on the in vitro performance of testosterone drug-in-adhesive transdermal delivery system (TDS). Six formulations were prepared with a range of dry drug loading in the adhesive matrix from 1% to 10% w/w with the aim of generating TDS with various levels of drug crystals. We visually quantified the amount of crystals in TDS by polarized light microscopy. The effect of drug recrystallization on adhesion, tackiness, cohesive strength, viscoelasticity, drug release, and drug permeation through human cadaver skin were evaluated for these TDS samples. The Optical images showed no crystals in 1% and 2% testosterone TDSs; however, the amount of crystals increased by increasing testosterone loading from 4 to 10%. A proportional and significant decrease (p  0.05) to affect the drug release and permeation. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the extent of drug recrystallization can be quantitatively correlated with the deterioration of performance characteristics of TDS products. Due to the vitamin K1 sensitizing potential, the oxidized-isoform of vitamin K1 (vitamin K1 oxide, VKO), has been recently used for treating laser-induced purpura and hyperpigmentation in cosmetics. The objective of this study was to formulate VKO in nanoliposomes by using Box-Behnken experimental design to obtain an optimized formula with higher efficiency. The ratio of phospholipid to cholesterol (PC/CHO ratio), VKO concentration and sonication time in low, medium, and high levels were independent variables, while the percent of VKO entrapment efficiency (EE%) and vesicle size were selected as dependent variables. Optimum desirability was identified and an optimized formulation was prepared, characterized, and selected for in vitro VKO release and ex vivo skin permeation. The PC/CHO ratio showed the greatest effect on both responses (P  less then  0.0001). This effect was positive on EE%, while a negative effect was shown on vesicle size. The optimized formulation showed controlled drug release of 79.2% through a silicon membrane, and achieved flux of 327.36 ± 22.1 μg/cm2 through human skin after 24 h. So, nanoliposomes were proven as a suitable drug delivery system for topical delivery of VKO. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based levonorgestrel intrauterine systems (LNG-IUSs) contain a large amount of potent LNG, and therefore it is important to understand the impact of product design parameters on the in vitro and in vivo performance to ensure safety and efficacy, as well as to avoid serious side effects resulting from dose dumping. LNG-IUS is a complex drug-device combination product, and its formulation design, requires consideration of additional factors such as device configuration and dimensions, in addition to formulation and processing parameters. In this study, ten qualitatively (Q1) and quantitatively (Q2) equivalent LNG-IUSs were manufactured with differences in source (supplier) and dimensions (i.e., thickness) of the outer membrane, drug particle size, dimensions of the drug reservoir (i.e., inner diameter), as well as configuration of the entire IUS. A real-time in vitro release testing method was developed for the LNG-IUSs. In addition, an accelerated release testing method was developee drug reservoir were covered or not. It is important to note that real-time release showed zero-order release kinetics over the test period of approximately 900 days. The current study provides a comprehensive understanding of the impact of product design parameters on the in vitro drug release of LNG-IUSs. In addition, the developed real-time and accelerated release testing methods showed good discriminatory ability for compositionally equivalent LNG-IUSs prepared using different product design parameters. Niacinamide (NIA) has been widely used in cosmetic and personal care formulations for several skin conditions. Permeation of topical NIA has been confirmed in a number of studies under infinite dose conditions. However, there is limited information in the literature regarding permeation of NIA following application of topical formulations in amounts that reflect the real-life use of such products by consumers. The aim of the present work was therefore to investigate skin delivery of NIA from single solvent systems in porcine skin under finite dose conditions. A secondary aim was to probe the processes underlying the previously reported low recovery of NIA following in vitro permeation and mass balance studies. The solubility and stability of NIA in various single solvent systems was examined. The solvents investigated included Transcutol® P (TC), propylene glycol (PG), 1-2 hexanediol (HEX), 1-2 pentanediol (1-2P), 1-5 pentanediol (1-5P), 1-3 butanediol (1-3B), glycerol (GLY) and dimethyl isosorbide (DMI). Skin permeation and deposition of the molecule was investigated in full thickness porcine skin in vitro finite dose Franz-type diffusion experiments followed by mass balance studies. Stability of NIA for 72 h in the solvents was confirmed. The solubility of NIA in the solvents ranged from 82.9 ± 0.8 to 311.9 ± 4.5 mg/mL. TC delivered the highest percentage permeation of NIA at 24 h, 32.6 ± 12.1% of the applied dose. Low total recovery of NIA after mass balance studies was observed for some vehicles, with values ranging from 55.2 ± 12.8% to 106.3 ± 2.3%. This reflected the formation of a number of NIA degradation by-products in the receptor phase during the permeation studies. Identification of other vehicles for synergistic enhancement of NIA skin delivery will be the subject of future work.