Believed Propagation Ideals involving Gound beef Sires Can Anticipate Efficiency involving BeefCrossDairy Progeny

Research has established a strong association between asbestos exposure and malignant mesothelioma, a deadly form of cancer. Since the early 1980's many countries have restricted or banned the production of asbestos, leading to a decline of occupational asbestos exposure in many industrialized countries. However, some countries continue to use asbestos, and worldwide rates of mesothelioma are still increasing. Because of the long latency between exposure and mesothelioma occurrence and the persistence of environmental exposure, incidence rates (IR) may decrease very slowly for several years ahead. In this review, we examine estimates of asbestos consumption before widespread asbestos regulations and the trends in incidence and mortality rates, as well as changes over time for the United States and Europe. In some countries with earlier asbestos restrictions, mesothelioma incidence has been in a modest decline over time. However, asbestos exposure is still a burden worldwide and legislative action is needed to obtain a full ban. The pattern of mesothelioma is shifting from a mostly male disease to a disease that affects females as well in substantial numbers. Studies on unknown sources of asbestos exposure, of other sources of natural exposure to asbestos and asbestos-like fibers, as well as of individual genetic susceptibility to asbestos fibers are needed. 2020 Translational Lung Cancer Research. All rights reserved.Immunohistochemistry plays an indispensable role in accurate diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma, particularly in morphologically challenging cases and in biopsy and cytology specimens, where tumor architecture is difficult or impossible to evaluate. Application of a targeted panel of mesothelial- and epithelial-specific markers permits correct identification of tumor lineage in the vast majority of cases. An immunopanel including two mesothelial markers (calretinin, CK5/6, WT-1, or D2-40) and two epithelial markers (MOC-31 and claudin-4) offers good sensitivity and specificity, with adjustments as appropriate for the differential diagnosis. Once mesothelial lineage is established, malignancy-specific studies can help verify a diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. BAP1 loss, CDKN2A homozygous deletion, and MTAP loss are highly specific markers of malignancy in a mesothelial lesion, and they attain acceptable diagnostic sensitivity when applied as a diagnostic panel. Novel markers of malignancy, such as 5-hmC loss and increased EZH2 expression, are promising, but have not yet achieved widespread clinical adoption. Some diagnostic markers also have prognostic significance, and PD-L1 immunohistochemistry may predict tumor response to immunotherapy. Application and interpretation of these immnuomarkers should always be guided by clinical history, radiographic findings, and above all histomorphology. 2020 Translational Lung Cancer Research. All rights reserved.The efficacy and safety of osimertinib have been demonstrated in several clinical trials; however, acquired resistance is an inevitable problem associated with most targeted drugs. Based on previous findings, the mechanism of osimertinib resistance is equivocal, and there is still no consensus on the most optimal treatment strategy after developing resistance, especially for patients detected with no actionable driver mutation. Here, we report the efficacy of erlotinib rechallenge in a patient with advanced lung adenocarcinoma following osimertinib resistance mediated by driver gene loss. Following osimertinib resistance, targeted sequencing of both blood and tissue samples revealed the disappearance of both EGFR exon 19 deletion and T790M. Erlotinib was then re-administered, achieving partial response for 26 months at least. Our case provides clinical evidence supporting the efficacy of erlotinib rechallenges in overcoming osimertinib resistance mediated by driver gene loss, which may translate into novel treatment strategies for lung cancer patients following development of resistance to osimertinib. 2020 Translational Lung Cancer Research. All rights reserved.Epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790M mutation and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) transformation are well-known resistance mechanisms acquired during treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Various mechanisms sometimes coexist in patients. Here, we report a 57-year-old female diagnosed with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma, who harbored an EGFR exon 19 deletion mutation. This patient initially received gefitinib and progressed after 14 months. A repeat biopsy was performed, and the original EGFR exon 19 deletion and acquired exon 20 T790M mutation were identified. Then, pemetrexed plus carboplatin was administered as second-line and osimertinib as third-line treatment. Rapid progression and mixed response were observed after 2 months on osimertinib, with stable disease of the primary lung lesion but rapid growth of a right lower chest mass. The progressive chest lesion underwent biopsy, and the SCLC transformation was revealed. Furthermore, the patient was treated with etoposide and cisplatin, and she achieved disease control for 4 months. A fourth biopsy both for the primary lung lesion and the chest mass were finally conducted. Interestingly, the histopathology of the two different lesions showed adenocarcinoma and SCLC, respectively. The patient then rapidly suffered brain metastasis, and no EGFR mutations were detected in her cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Overall survival (OS) of the patient was 29 months. This patient experienced concomitant resistance mechanisms of T790M mutation and SCLC transformation, which might have resulted from intra-tumor heterogeneity and drug-induced selection. Ultimately, this case reminds us that repeat biopsies are essential for patients receiving EGFR-TKIs in order to make appropriate treatment decisions according to the diverse mechanisms of acquired resistance. 2020 Translational Lung Cancer Research. All rights reserved.Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a main subtype of lung cancer, is one of the most common causes of cancer death in men and women worldwide. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and immunotherapy have revolutionized both our understanding of NSCLC, from its diagnosis to targeted NSCLC therapies, and its treatment. ctDNA quantification confers convenience and precision to clinical decision making. Furthermore, the implementation of TKI-based targeted therapy and immunotherapy has significantly improved NSCLC patient quality of life. This review provides an update on the methods of ctDNA detection and its impact on therapeutic strategies; therapies that target epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) using TKIs such as osimertinib and lorlatinib; the rise of various resistant mechanisms; and the control of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in immunotherapy; blood tumor mutational burden (bTMB) calculated by ctDNA assay as a novel biomarker for immunotherapy. However, NSCLC patients still face many challenges. Further studies and trials are needed to develop more effective drugs or therapies to treat NSCLC. 2020 Translational Lung Cancer Research. All rights reserved.Background Immune-oncology agents (IOA) represent a turning point in the treatment of several solid tumors (ST). Although their toxicity compares favorably with other treatments, IOA associate immune-related adverse events (IR-AE), among which endocrine-related AE stand out. We retrospectively evaluated the occurrence of endocrine (E) IR-AE in a cohort of patients with several ST treated with IOA. In addition, we assessed the correlation between likelihood of survival and the occurrence of IR-AE. Methods We collected data on clinical and molecular characteristics, efficacy and AE of 260 patients with ST treated with IOA from 2013 to 2017. We excluded patients with prior conditions or treatments potentially affecting thyroid test results. Results Lung cancer was the most prevalent diagnosis (70.2%). EIR-AE appeared in 18.1% of patients (total of 38 EIR-AE) and consisted of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, pituitary disorders and type 1 diabetes mellitus in 60.5%, 21.1%, 15.8% and 2.6% of patients, respectively. EIR-AE were associated mainly to nivolumab, nivolumab plus ipilimumab (41.2% and 26.5%) and appeared after a median of 4.2 cycles of treatment. see more Specific therapy was required in 65.8% patients. There were significant differences in both progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for patients who experienced EIR-AE compared to those who did not [PFS 56.7 (NC-NC) vs. 27.7 (14.3-41.3) months, P=0.008; OS NC (NC-NC) vs. 31.4 (20.7-42.1) months, P=0.001]. Conclusions The incidence of EIR-AE in our study is similar to other series. Patients who develop EIR-AE might have a better prognosis compared to those who do not experience them. 2020 Translational Lung Cancer Research. All rights reserved.Background Second cancer is the leading cause of death in lymphoma survivors, with lung cancer representing the most common solid tumor. Limited information exists about the treatment and prognosis of second lung cancer following lymphoma. Herein, we evaluated the outcome and prognostic factors of Lung Cancer in Lymphoma Survivors (the LuCiLyS study) to improve the patient selection for lung cancer treatment. Methods This is a retrospective multicentre study including consecutive patients treated for lymphoma disease that subsequently developed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Data regarding lymphoma including age, symptoms, histology, disease stage, treatment received and lymphoma status at the time of lung cancer diagnosis, and data on lung carcinoma as age, smoking history, latency from lymphoma, symptoms, histology, disease stage, treatment received, and survival were evaluated to identify the significant prognostic factors for overall survival. Results Our study population included 164 patients, 145 orence (27 vs. 19 months; HR 0.3; P=0.17). Conclusions The presence and/or a history of lymphoma should not be a contraindication to resection of lung cancer. Inclusion of lymphoma survivors in a lung cancer-screening program may lead to early detection of lung cancer, and improve the survival. 2020 Translational Lung Cancer Research. All rights reserved.Background Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), which is usually expressed by lung adenocarcinomas and small cell carcinomas, is usually used to distinguish adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma from cells of another type of lung cancer. We examined the association between TTF-1 expression and overall survival between patients with stage IV pulmonary adenocarcinoma to investigate the role of TTF-1 as a predictive and/or prognostic tumor marker in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinomas. Methods Analysis of the clinicopathologic features, treatment regimens, and overall survival of 209 lung adenocarcinoma patients who had been detected for TTF-1 expression and received consecutive treatments in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University. Results TTF-1 expression was positive in 166 (79%) and negative in 43 (21%) patients who were reviewed. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the clinicopathologic features of TTF-1 positive and TTF-1 negative tumors. In the multivariable review, the overall survival of TTF-1 positive tumor patients was significantly longer than that of TTF-1 negative tumor patients [22.