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Importance Optimal treatment for traumatic finger amputation is unknown to date. Objective To use statistical learning methods to estimate evidence-based treatment assignment rules to enhance long-term functional and patient-reported outcomes in patients after traumatic amputation of fingers distal to the metacarpophalangeal joint. Design, Setting, and Participants This decision analytical model used data from a retrospective cohort study of 338 consenting adult patients who underwent revision amputation or replantation at 19 centers in the United States and Asia from August 1, 2016, to April 12, 2018. Of those, data on 185 patients were included in the primary analysis. Exposures Treatment with revision amputation or replantation. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcome measures were hand strength, dexterity, hand-related quality of life, and pain. A tree-based statistical learning method was used to derive clinical decision rules for treatment of traumatic finger amputation. Results Among 185 study participants (mean [SD] age, 45 [16] years; 156 [84%] male), the median number of fingers amputated per patient was 1 (range, 1-5); 115 amputations (62%) were distal to the proximal interphalangeal joint, and 110 (60%) affected the nondominant hand. On the basis of the tree-based statistical learning estimates, to maximize hand dexterity or to minimize patient-reported pain, replantation was found to be the best strategy. To maximize hand strength, revision amputation was the best strategy for patients with a single-finger amputation but replantation was preferred for all other injury patterns. To maximize patient-reported quality of life, revision amputation was the best approach for patients with dominant hand injuries, and replantation was the best strategy for patients with nondominant hand injuries. Conclusions and Relevance The findings suggest that the approach to treating traumatic finger amputations varies based on the patient's injury characteristics and functional needs.Importance Antihypertension medications have been associated with prevention of cardiovascular events, although less is known about the comparative effectiveness of different medication classes. Objective To compare contemporary aggregated first-in-trial cardiovascular events among patients with hypertension and no substantial comorbidities. Data Sources The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for articles published between January 1, 1990, and October 24, 2017. Study Selection Randomized clinical trials that tested commonly used antihypertension medications (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, β-blockers, angiotensin receptor blockers, and diuretics) and that reported selected cardiovascular outcomes for at least 6 months of follow-up. Data Extraction and Synthesis The analysis was conducted from October 2017 to December 2019. Two reviewers extracted the number of cardiovascula5%), cardiovascular death (20%), and stroke (35%); angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were reported to be the most effective in reducing the risk of myocardial infarction (28%); and diuretics were reported to be the most effective in reducing revascularization (33%). In the metaregression analyses, each 10-mm Hg reduction in systolic blood pressure and 5-mm Hg reduction in diastolic blood pressure was significantly associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular death, stroke, and overall cardiovascular events. Conclusions and Relevance In this network meta-analysis of clinical trials of patients with hypertension and no substantial comorbidities, different classes of antihypertension medications were associated with similar benefits in reducing cardiovascular events. Future studies should compare the effectiveness of combinations of antihypertension medications in reducing cardiovascular events.Importance Diet may play a role in testicular function, but data on how adherence to different diet patterns influences human testicular function are scarce. Objective To determine whether adherence to specific dietary patterns is associated with testicular function in young men. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study included 2935 young Danish men unselected regarding fertility status who were enrolled from April 1, 2008, through May 31, 2017. Data were analyzed from July 1, 2017, to January 30, 2019. Exposures Dietary patterns identified with principal component analysis based on responses to a validated food frequency questionnaire. Main Outcomes and Measures Standard semen quality assessment; serum concentrations of testosterone, free testosterone, estradiol, inhibin B, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and sex hormone-binding globulin; and testicular volume measured with ultrasonography. Results Among the 2935 participants included in the analysis, median age was 19rence to the prudent pattern was 43 million (95% CI, 23-63 million) higher than that of men in the lowest quintile. Men with the highest adherence to the Western pattern had a lower median ratio of inhibin B to follicle-stimulating hormone (-12 [95% CI, -20 to -3]) and higher median ratio of free testosterone to luteinizing hormone (10 [95% CI, 2-19]) compared with men with lowest adherence to this pattern. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, adherence to generally healthy diet patterns was associated with better semen quality, with potentially more favorable fertility potential among adult men.Importance Notable increases in mortality from alcohol-induced causes over the past 2 decades in the United States have been reported. However, comprehensive assessments of trends in alcohol-induced mortality by sex, age, race/ethnicity, and social and geographic factors are lacking. Objective To examine trends in alcohol-induced mortality rates from 2000 to 2016, comparing results by demographic characteristics including sex, race/ethnicity, age, county-level socioeconomic status, and geographic location. Design, Setting, and Participants This serial cross-sectional study used US national vital statistics data for years 2000 to 2016 for all US residents older than 15 years. check details Data analysis was conducted from January to September 2019. Exposures Trends in alcohol-induced mortality by sex, race/ethnicity, age, county-level socioeconomic status (ie, median income, percentage of unemployed residents, percentage of residents with a bachelor's degree), rurality level, and US state. Main Outcomes and Measures Alcohol-induced mortality, ie, deaths for which alcohol holds a population-attributable fraction of 1.