Rethinking incompatibility inside elimination transplantation

[This corrects the article DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02687.]. Copyright © 2020 McDonald, Watts and Schreier.The oral cavity is a complex environment harboring diverse microbial species that often co-exist within biofilms formed on oral surfaces. Within a biofilm, inter-species interactions can be synergistic in that the presence of one organism generates a niche for another enhancing colonization. Among these species are the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans and the bacterial species Streptococcus mutans, the etiologic agents of oral candidiasis and dental caries, respectively. Recent studies have reported enhanced prevalence of C. albicans in children with caries indicating potential clinical implications for this fungal-bacterial interaction. In this study, we aimed to specifically elucidate the role of C. albicans-derived polysaccharide biofilm matrix components in augmenting S. mutans colonization and mixed biofilm formation. Comparative evaluations of single and mixed species biofilms demonstrated significantly enhanced S. mutans retention in mixed biofilms with C. click here albicans. Further, S. mutans sin findings from this study strongly indicate that the secretion of polysacharides from C. albicans in the oral environment may impact the development of S. mutans biofilms, ultimately increasing dental caries and, therefore, Candida oral colonization should be considered as a factor in evaluating the risk of caries. Copyright © 2020 Khoury, Vila, Puthran, Sultan, Montelongo-Jauregui, Melo and Jabra-Rizk.In recent years, fungal infections have become a serious health problem. Candida albicans are considered as the fourth most common isolates associated with approximately 40% mortality in bloodstream infections among hospitalized patients. Due to various limitations of classical antifungals used currently, such as limited kinds of drugs, inevitable toxicities, and high price, there is an urgent need to explore new antifungal agents based on novel targets. Generally, nutrient metabolism is involved with fungal virulence, and glucose is one of the important nutrients in C. albicans. C. albicans can obtain and metabolize glucose through a variety of pathways; in theory, many enzymes in these pathways can be potential targets for developing new antifungal agents, and several studies have confirmed that compounds which interfere with alpha-glucosidase, acid trehalase, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, class II fructose bisphosphate aldolases, and glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase in these pathways do have antifungal activities. In this review, the glucose metabolism pathways in C. albicans, the potential antifungal targets based on these pathways, and some compounds which have antifungal activities by inhibiting several enzymes in these pathways are summarized. We believe that our review will be helpful to the exploration of new antifungal drugs with novel antifungal targets. Copyright © 2020 Chen, Zhang, Chen, Li, Su and Sun.The egress and fertilization of Plasmodium gametes and development of a motile ookinete are the first crucial steps that mediate the successful transmission of the malaria parasites from humans to the Anopheles vector. However, limited information exists about the cell biology and regulation of this process. Technical impediments in the establishment of in vitro conditions for ookinete maturation in Plasmodium falciparum and other human malaria parasites further constrain a detailed characterization of ookinete maturation. Here, using fluorescence microscopy and immunolabeling, we compared P. falciparum ookinete maturation in Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes in vivo and in cell culture in vitro. Our results identified two critical steps in ookinete maturation that are regulated by distinct mosquito factors, thereby highlighting the role of the mosquito environment in the transmission efficiency of malaria parasites. Copyright © 2020 Siciliano, Costa, Suárez-Cortés, Valleriani, Alano and Levashina.The influenza A virus (IAV) causes seasonal epidemics and occasional but devastating pandemics, which are of a major public health concern. Although several antiviral drugs are currently available, there is an urgent need to develop novel antiviral therapies with different mechanisms of action due to emergence of drug resistance. In this study, two related compounds, chebulagic acid (CHLA) and chebulinic acid (CHLI), were identified as novel inhibitors against IAV replication. A reporter virus-based infection assay demonstrated that CHLA and CHLI exhibit no inhibitory effect on IAV entry or RNA replication during the virus replication cycle. Results of viral release inhibition assay and neuraminidase (NA) inhibition assay indicated that CHLA and CHLI exert their inhibitory effect on the NA-mediated viral release. Moreover, oseltamivir-resistance mutation NA/H274Y of NA is susceptible to CHLA or CHLI, suggesting a different mechanism of action for CHLA and CHLI. In summary, CHLA and CHLI are promising new NA inhibitors that may be further developed as novel antivirals against IAVs. Copyright © 2020 Li, Du, Wang, Hou, Wang, Zhao, Zhan, Liu, Rong and Cui.We present a model of the growth rate and elemental stoichiometry of phytoplankton as a function of resource allocation between and within broad macromolecular pools under a variety of resource supply conditions. The model is based on four, empirically-supported, cornerstone assumptions that there is a saturating relationship between light and photosynthesis, a linear relationship between RNA/protein and growth rate, a linear relationship between biosynthetic proteins and growth rate, and a constant macromolecular composition of the light-harvesting machinery. We combine these assumptions with statements of conservation of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and energy. The model can be solved algebraically for steady state conditions and constrained with data on elemental stoichiometry from published laboratory chemostat studies. It interprets the relationships between macromolecular and elemental stoichiometry and also provides quantitative predictions of the maximum growth rate at given light intensity and nutrient supply rates.