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Second-generation bioethanol is a sustainable energy source that can be produced from different renewable materials. However, there is a challenge we must overcome to significantly enhance bioethanol production the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars. Synergistic enzymes, such as endoglucanases, β-glucosidases, cellobiohydrolases, and, more recently, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases and cellobiose dehydrogenases have been used with great success to hydrolyze pretreated biomass. Further advances in the field of second-generation bioethanol production will likely depend on an increased understanding of the interactions between enzymes and lignocellulosic substrates, the development of enzyme engineering, and the optimization of enzyme mixtures to enhance cellulose hydrolysis.Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is the most predominant malignancy of the esophagus. Its histological precursors (dysplasia) emerge in the esophageal epithelium that their progression into the underlying layers leads to cancer. The epithelium is the origin of many solid cancers and, accordingly, the focus of numerous computational models. In this work, we proposed a framework to establish a two-dimensional, globally coupled map to model the epithelium dynamics. The model aims at diagnosing the early stage of dysplasia based on microscopic images of endoscopic biopsies. We used the logistic map as a black-box model for the epithelial cells. By relating between the structure and dynamic of the epithelium, we defined the coupling function and proposed a case-dependent model in which the parameters were adjusted based on fractal geometry of each pathological image. Thus, by assigning different attractors to the cells' behavior, the lattice dynamic was investigated by the Lyapunov exponent. RVX-000222 The decreasing pattern of Lyapunov exponent variations across the epithelium thickness had reasonable performance in diagnosing the normal specimens from the low-grade dysplasia ones. The results showed that there could be a direct relationship between the structural complexity of this system and its uncertainty of dynamics. Graphical abstract The modeling process of the esophageal epithelium to classify the experimental data at normal and LGD stages.Cortical ependymomas are uncommon lesions. We report a cortical ependymoma displaying an unusual imaging pattern. The lesion demonstrated a T1 hyperintense rim and limited perilesional edema but lacked contrast enhancement. T1 hyperintense rim and stalk-like ventricular extension of FLAIR hyperintensity have previously been considered pathognomonic of angiocentric glioma. Hence, we conclude that the radiologists should be aware of this uncommon imaging pattern of cortical ependymoma. The condition warrants prompt surgical management in view of the increased potential for higher grade transformation, unlike grade I roman numeral may be given angiocentric gliomas.BACKGROUND Facial palsy and migraine have frequently been reported to occur in conjunction. We report a case series and propound a theory to explain the same. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To postulate an anatomico-pathophysiological association in the causative factor of lower motor neuron type of facial palsy in cases with migraine without aura. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preliminary experiences and observations in 12 cases suffering from facial palsy following an attack of migraine without aura, mainly in the occipital and posterior auricular region, are elaborated. RESULTS Facial palsy occurred on the ipsilateral side as the headaches in a majority of the cases (83.33%) and in rare cases of bilateral headaches (16.67%), it lateralised to the side the headaches were more severe. In most of these cases (75%), a complete clinical recovery was noted within 6 months. CONCLUSION We concluded that neurogenic inflammation of the facial nerve trunk caused by its proximity to the dilated posterior auricular/stylomastoid/occipital and superficial temporal arteries during a migraine attack leads to a temporary lower motor neuron type of paresis of the muscles supplied by the facial nerve. SIGNIFICANCE This pathophysiological understanding of the disease mechanism could open new avenues as to the treatment of this condition. This proposition indicates in clearer light than before, a possible mechanism to explain the higher incidence and risk of facial palsy in migraineurs.Three kinds of Pt-Cu bimetallic catalysts (Cu/Pt (111), Pt/Cu/Pt (111), and Pt4Cu5/Pt (111)) have been researched employing density functional theory (DFT) calculation, using dehydrogenation of cyclohexene to benzene as a probe reaction. The adsorption energies are basically in the sequence Pt4Cu5/Pt (111) > Cu/Pt (111) ≈ Pt/Cu/Pt (111). The key step is C6H9 → C6H8 on Cu/Pt (111) (0.85 eV) and Pt/Cu/Pt (111) (0.87 eV). On Pt4Cu5/Pt (111), the key step is C6H7 → C6H6 (1.17 eV). The selectivity for gas phase benzene is in the order of Cu/Pt(111) > Pt/Cu/Pt(111) > Pt4Cu5/Pt(111), according to the energy difference between the barrier of benzene dehydrogenated to phenyl and benzene desorption. The co-adsorbed hydrogen atoms lead to improved selectivity for gas phase benzene on Cu/Pt (111) and Pt/Cu/Pt (111), by making benzene desorption easy but dehydrogenation difficult. However, the barrier of benzene dehydrogenation decreases with the increase of H coverage on the Pt4Cu5/Pt (111) due to obvious destabilized benzene, and thus the effect on Pt4Cu5/Pt (111) is closely related to the concentration of surface H. Attributed to thermodynamic stability, high activity, and selectivity for gas benzene, the Pt/Cu/Pt (111) structure is suggested as reasonable dehydrogenation catalyst, and the dehydrogenation process on Pt/Cu/Pt(111) has been further studied by microkinetic modeling. A volcano-like relationship is found between the adsorption of cyclohexene and the TOF (turnover frequency) of gas phase benzene. Secondly, two apparent activation energies are obtained 0.77 eV (250~350 K) and 0.45 eV (350~650 K), implying the RDS (rate-determined step) changes with temperature. Graphical abstract The influence of temperature and desorption barrier of cyclohexene on the TOF of C6H6(g).