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The following two new species of biting midges of Culicoides Latreille are described and photographed Culicoides carbonelli Spinelli Martínez from Uruguay, and C. dellapei Spinelli, Ronderos Díaz from Argentina. Culicoides crucifer Clastrier, 1968 and C. hoffmani Fox, 1946 are diagnosed and newly recorded from Argentina, and the studied specimens are photographed.We describe a new species of the New Zealand diplodactylid gecko genus Naultinus. Molecular phylogenetics and distinctive morphological features support taxonomic separation of the populations on the northern half of Aupori Peninsula in the far north of the North Island as a new species, Naultinus flavirictus sp. nov. The specific epithet refers to the diagnostic yellow colour at the corners of the mouth. We discuss the conservation status of and threats to this novel taxon and to Te Paki, Northland-the unique area of New Zealand where it is found. We further discuss the distribution and possible function of bright mouth colour within Naultinus.Two new mayfly species of Clypeocaenis (Ephemeroptera Caenidae) are described based on nymphal and adult characters from Kaveri River, Kodagu, Karnataka, Southern India. The main characteristics that distinguish Clypeocaenis kaveri sp. nov. from other Oriental species are (i) fore femur with 4 long spines at middle of inner margin, a row of bifid spines at outer margin and row of bifid spines at subapical surface; (ii) dorsal surface of femora with complete transverse row of bifid setae located 3/4 distance from the base; (iii) forceps smaller than penis lobe. The main characteristics that distinguish Clypeocaenis napoklu sp. nov. from other Oriental species are (i) fore femur with 2 long spines at middle of inner margin and row of thin setae on outer margin; segment 2 with bifid spine at apex.(ii) dorsal surface of femora with incomplete transverse row of bifid setae located 2/3 distance from the base; (iii) forceps little longer than penis lobe. A key for the nymphs of described species has been provided.Two new species of genus Hydromanicus Brauer 1865 are described and illustrated Hydromanicus religiosus sp. nov. and Hydromanicus sikkimensis sp. nov. (both from Sikkim). Potamyia phaidra Malicky Chantaramongkol 1997 (from Meghalaya) and Cheumatopsyche chrysothemis Malicky Chantaramongkol 1997 and Hydromanicus inferior Chantaramongkol Malicky 1995 (both from West Bengal) are also reported for the first time from India. Further, the species Potamyia trenhona Oláh Barnard 2006 (in Oláh et al. 2006) is considered a synonym of P. phaidra based on the similarity in wing venation, male genitalic appendages, and phallic structure.A new species of Myxia Bahder Bartlett (Cixiidae Cixiinae Oecleini) is established as Myxia baynardi sp. n. collected from native palms in cloud forest habitat in Costa Rica. Placement in the genus Myxia is supported by molecular analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 18S loci as well as morphological characters. Haplaxius delta (Kramer) was collected along the Caribbean coast as a new country record for Costa Rica. Based on morphological characters observed and molecular analysis of COI and 18S, H. delta is herein moved to the genus Myxia.Final instar larvae of six species of the genus Hydroptila Dalman (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae) belonging to three species groups are described based on Japanese specimens. These are H. phenianica Botosaneanu 1970, H. dampfi Ulmer 1929 and H. oguranis Kobayashi 1974 of the H. pulchricornis Species Group, H. kakidaensis Nozaki Tanida 2007 and H. botosaneanui Kumanski 1990 of the H. tineoides Species Group, and H. nanseiensis Ito 2011 (in Ito et al. 2011), which is unplaced to species group. They can be distinguished from each other by the color patterns of the head and thoracic nota, relative lengths of the longest head setae to the width of the head, and number of setae on the thorax. For discrimination of species groups, the arrangement of chloride epithelia of abdominal segments is likely to be useful, since it differs in the three species groups studied here.Historically, the taxonomic identification of the two snook species, Centropomus viridis and C. nigrescens, has been challenging due to their morphological similarity and the inconsistency of the characters used for diagnosis. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of the morphologic, meristic, and morphometric characters currently being used to identify C. viridis and C. nigrescens, based on molecular data. The results showed that the gas-bladder shape (i.e., C. viridis with diverticula and C. nigrescens without diverticula) was the only morphological character univocally related to genetic identification. Likewise, geometric morphometrics separated two groups; each corresponds to only one of two genetically (and gas bladder shape) identified species. Of all the meristic characters examined, only the second dorsal fin ray count (nine for C. viridis and ten for C. nigrescens) was related to the gas bladder shape and genetic identity; therefore, it is the only external character with a diagnostic utility to separate each species.Based on two male and two female individuals, we describe a new genus and species of mud snake, Myanophis thanlyinensis gen. nov., sp. nov., from the vicinity of the campus of East Yangon University, Yangon, Thanlyin, Myanmar. This species differs from every other homalopsid species by the following combination of characters (1) dorsal scales smooth, row formula 21-21-19 or 21-21-17; (2) tail short, ratio tail length/SVL 0.185-0.204 in males, 0.160-0.167 in females; (3) nasal scales separated; (4) 125-126 ventral scales in males, 120-122 in females; (5) 38-39 subcaudal scales in males, 32-34 in females; and (6) hemipenis bilobed. Its matrilineal genealogy (based on analyses of 16S and cytochrome b sequences), associates Myanophis thanlyinensis gen. nov., sp. nov. most closely with species of the genera Myrrophis and Gyiophis. The new taxon differs from the species of Myrrophis and Gyiophis by having a bilobed hemipenis (vs. unilobed). Myanophis thanlyinensis gen. nov., sp. nov. read more differs further from the species of Myrrophis by having 125-126 ventral scales in males and 120-122 in females (vs.