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A highly sensitive torsion sensor can be constructed by combining a twisted photonic crystal fiber with a liquid-filled waveguide in its air-hole cladding. The torsion sensitivity of this type of sensor is determined directly by the phase-matching conditions between the fiber core mode and the liquid waveguide mode, which can be improved by tuning the helicity (denoted by the initial twist rate, α0) of the twisted photonic crystal fiber. The enhancement mechanism of α0 on the sensitivity of the proposed torsion sensor is investigated theoretically, followed by experimental verifications, and a torsion sensitivity as high as 446 nm∙mm∙rad-1 can be obtained by tailoring these parameters. Experimental results show that the torsion sensitivity increases with α0 decreasing from 3.142 to 3.925 rad/mm, which are in consistence with that of the numerical predictions. The demonstrated torsion sensor is expected to contribute to the development of highly sensitive torsion-related photonic crystal fiber devices.The halotolerant cyanobacterium, Halothece sp. PCC 7418, possesses two classes of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) H2846 and H2847. Though class I (CI)-FBA H2846 is thought to be associated with salt tolerance, the regulatory mechanisms, molecular characteristics, and expression profiles between H2846 and class II (CII)-FBA H2847 have scarcely been investigated. Here, we show that the accumulation of the H2846 protein is highly responsive to both up- and down-shock with NaCl, whereas H2847 is constitutively expressed. The activity of CI- and CII-FBA in cyanobacterial extracts is correlated with the accumulation patterns of H2846 and H2847, respectively. In addition, it was found that these activities were inhibited by NaCl and KCl, with CII-FBA activity strikingly inhibited. It was also found that the CI-FBA activity of recombinant H2846 was hindered by salts and that this hindrance could be moderated by the addition of glycine betaine (GB), whereas no moderation occurred with other potential osmoprotectant molecules (proline, sucrose, and glycerol). In addition, a phylogenetic analysis showed that CI-FBAs with higher similarities to H2846 tended to be distributed among potential GB-synthesizing cyanobacteria. Taken together, our results provide insights into the independent evolution of the CI- and CII-FBA gene families, which show distinct expression profiles and functions following salt stress.Variability in individual pain sensitivity is a major problem in pain assessment. There have been studies reported using pain-event related potential (pain-ERP) for evaluating pain perception. However, none of them has achieved high accuracy in estimating multiple pain perception levels. A major reason lies in the lack of investigation of feature extraction. The goal of this study is to assess four different pain perception levels through classification of pain-ERP, elicited by transcutaneous electrical stimulation on healthy subjects. Nonlinear methods Higuchi's fractal dimension, Grassberger-Procaccia correlation dimension, with auto-correlation, and moving variance functions were introduced into the feature extraction. Fisher score was used to select the most discriminative channels and features. As a result, the correlation dimension with a moving variance without channel selection achieved the best accuracies of 100% for both the two-level and the three-level classification but degraded to 75% for the four-level classification. The best combined feature group is the variance-based one, which achieved accuracy of 87.5% and 100% for the four-level and three-level classification, respectively. Moreover, the features extracted from less than 20 trials could not achieve sensible accuracy, which makes it difficult for an instantaneous pain perception levels evaluation. These results show strong evidence on the possibility of objective pain assessment using nonlinear feature-based classification of pain-ERP.The tendencies of development within the field of engineering materials show a persistent trend towards the increase of strength and toughness. This pressure is particularly pronounced in the field of steels, since they compete with light alloys and composite materials in many applications. The improvement of steels' mechanical properties is sought to be achieved with the formation of exceptionally fine microstructures ranging well into the nanoscale, which enable a substantial increase in strength without being detrimental to toughness. The preferred route by which such a structure can be produced is not by applying the external plastic deformation, but by controlling the phase transformation from austenite into ferrite at low temperatures. The formation of bainite in steels at temperatures lower than about 200 °C enables the obtainment of the bulk nanostructured materials purely by heat treatment. This offers the advantages of high productivity, as well as few constraints in regard to the shape and size of racterised using light microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The obtained results confirmed that the strong refinement of the microstructural elements in the steels results in a combination of extremely high strength and very good toughness.West Nile virus (WNV) is the most important and widespread mosquito-borne virus in the United States (U.S.). 6Benzylaminopurine WNV has the ability to spread rapidly and effectively, infecting more than 320 bird and mammalian species. An examination of environmental conditions and the health of keystone species may help predict the susceptibility of various habitats to WNV and reveal key risk factors, annual trends, and vulnerable regions. Since 2002, WNV outbreaks in Wisconsin varied by species, place, and time, significantly affected by unique climatic, environmental, and geographical factors. During a 15 year period, WNV was detected in 71 of 72 counties, resulting in 239 human and 1397 wildlife cases. Controlling for population and sampling efforts in Wisconsin, rates of WNV are highest in the western and northwestern rural regions of the state. WNV incidence rates were highest in counties with low human population densities, predominantly wetland, and at elevations greater than 1000 feet. Resources for surveillance, prevention, and detection of WNV were lowest in rural counties, likely resulting in underestimation of cases.