Toughening components boosting effectiveness against crack

Implications are discussed in terms of problem behavior theory and adolescent intersexual competition.
Compression of the iliac vein between the iliac artery and lumbosacral vertebra can cause iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS). The purpose of this study is to assess compression characteristics and establish a new sub-typing in asymptomatic IVCS individuals using contrast-enhanced CT.
A retrospective analysis of abdomen contrast-enhanced CT images from 195 asymptomatic subjects with iliac vein compressed was investigated. Patients had no history of venous pathology, and images were collected from June 2018 to January 2019. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of compression were examined including the location, pattern, minor diameter, area, and the percentage compression on an orthogonal section by the post-processing of multiple planar reconstruction and volume rendering.
There were 107 females and 88 males with age range 18-92years. The most common site of iliac vein compression was localized to the left common iliac vein (LCIV) (178/195, 91.3%). Notably, four compression types (type I-IV) were established according to the compression location, with type II being the most common. The four compression types had differences in the upper limit and fluctuation range of compression. It was found that the average level of iliac vein compression was below 25%. The compression degree of the left common iliac vein in type II was relatively concentrated, and the upper limit of compression was close to 70%.
Asymptomatic iliac vein compression was categorized according to compression location. The proposal of four types might help clinicians to predict which IVCS patients would benefit from interventional therapy.
Asymptomatic iliac vein compression was categorized according to compression location. The proposal of four types might help clinicians to predict which IVCS patients would benefit from interventional therapy.
Annular pancreas encountered in adults and jejunal arterial variations are rare. Anatomical variations can cause conflicts between oncology and surgical safety.
Case report of a 68-year-old man suffering from vomiting because of an annular pancreas and a ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas head invading the second portion of the duodenum.
Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed multiple arterial variations describing the absence of the coeliac trunk such that the left gastric artery (LGA), splenic artery and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) were arising separately from the aorta. The accessory left hepatic artery arose from the LGA; and both the common hepatic artery and combined trunk of the replaced right hepatic artery with the higher replaced first jejunal artery separately arose close to the root of the SMA. The patient underwent curative pancreaticoduodenectomy which achieved 3years of recurrence-free survival.
This was an extraordinary case of annular pancreas with first jejunal arterial variation detailing an embryological interpretation as well as considerations for balancing short- and long-term outcomes.
This was an extraordinary case of annular pancreas with first jejunal arterial variation detailing an embryological interpretation as well as considerations for balancing short- and long-term outcomes.
The splenic artery (SA) is the largest and most tortuous branch of the celiac trunk with a wide spectrum of variants, particularly in its terminal branches.
The current study presents a systematic review of the English literature on the SA variations, with emphasis on its terminal branching patterns.
Thirty cadaveric studies (3132 specimens) were included in the analysis. The SA originated from the celiac trunk in 97.2%, from the abdominal aorta in 2.1% and from the superior mesenteric or the common hepatic artery in 0.7% of cases. A suprapancreatic course was observed in 77.4%, retropancreatic course in 17.8%, anteropancreatic course in 3.4% and intrapancreatic course in 1.3%. bpV ic50 In the majority of cases, the SA bifurcated into superior and inferior lobar arteries (83.4%), with trifurcation and quadrifurcation in 11.3% and 2.7%, respectively. Five or morelobar branches (1.4%) and a single lobar artery (1.2%) were rarely identified. The distributed branching pattern was found in 72.7%, whereas the magistral pattern in 26.9%. The inferior and superior polar arteries (IPA and SPA) were found in 47.7% and 41.7% of cases, respectively, while polar artery agenesis was recorded in 28.2%. The SPA usually originated from the SA main trunk (53.6%) or from the superior lobar artery (33.1%). The IPA emanated mainly from the left gastroepiploic artery (53%), from the SA (23.5%) or the inferior lobar artery (21.9%). Intersegmental anastomoses between adjacent arterial segments were identified in 14.2%.
Knowledge of the SA aberrations is important for surgeons and radiologists involved in angiographic interventions.
Knowledge of the SA aberrations is important for surgeons and radiologists involved in angiographic interventions.
The sphenoidal artery is considered a component of the complex and dangerous arterial anastomoses of the human orbitocranial region, particularly with the advent of interventional neuroimaging. The objective of this publication was to analyze the various descriptions of the sphenoidal artery in the literature as related to relevant photographs of a dissected arterially injected fetal middle cranial fossa and orbit.
Publications dealing with middle meningeal-ophthalmic arterial anastomoses, focusing on the sphenoidal artery, were reviewed. A relevant dissection of a fetal specimen was analyzed.
The literature dealing with the sphenoidal artery is at times not in agreement. The nomenclature and anatomy of its passage through the superior orbital fissure or Hyrtl canal have variable descriptions. Photographs of the skull base of a dissected arterially injected fetal specimen show bilateral prominent orbital branches of the middle meningeal arteries. These branches entered both orbits in a course similar tot a middle meningeal orbital arterial branch, an important component of the complex and dangerous arterial anastomoses of the human orbitocranial region.