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These changes may lead to AD. To transit from AD condition to normal, exogenous buffers are added to check their significance. The results thus show that the replenishment of buffer may balance the amount of cell calcium and hence can affect positively on Alzheimer's affected cells.Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known as crucial regulators in the development of OC. In the current study, we aim to explore the function and molecular mechanism of lncRNA DLEU1 in OC. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was applied to determine the expression of DLEU1, miR-429, and TFAP2A in OC cells and tissues. The relationship among DLEU1, miR-429, and TFAP2A was tested by dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) assay. Besides, the proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities of OC cells were analyzed by MTT, wound healing, and transwell assays, respectively. Western blot was performed to determine the protein expression of TFAP2A. The expression of lncRNA DLEU1 and TFAP2A were upregulated, and miR-429 was downregulated in OC tissues. Silencing of DLEU1 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OC cells. Bioinformation and DLR assay showed that DLEU1 acted as the sponge for miR-429. Moreover, miR-429 could directly target TFAP2A and inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OC cells. Moreover, we observed a negative correlation between miR-429 and DLEU1, and between miR-429 and TFAP2A in OC tissues. The transfection of miR-429 inhibitor or pcDNA-TFAP2A reversed the inhibitory effects of si-DLEU1 on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OC cells. Silencing of DLEU1 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OC cells by regulating miR-429/TFAP2A axis, indicating a potential therapeutic target for OC.Previous studies have reported the important roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Here, we focus on the role and regulatory mechanism of lncRNA SNHG5 in ARDS. LPS was used to induce mice to establish ARDS model in vivo and to induce A549 cells to establish ARDS model in vitro. qRT-PCR was performed to determine the expressions of SNHG5, miR-205, and inflammatory cytokines. MTT assay was applied to detect cell viability. Dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) assay was performed to test the interactions among SNHG5, miR-205 and COMMD1. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of COMMD1. Lung injury was evaluated by evaluating the score of lung injury, lung wet/dry weight ratio, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. SNHG5 was downregulated, while miR-205 was upregulated in the serum of ARDS patients and lung tissues of LPS-induced mice. Upregulation of SNHG5 or down-regulation of miR-205 inhibited inflammation and promoted the viability of LPS-induced A549 cells. SNHG5 alleviated the lung injury of ARDS mice. MiR-205 was a target of SNHG5 and inversely correlated with SNHG5. COMMD1 was targeted by miR-205, and was positively regulated by SNHG5. MiR-205 mimics or sh-COMMD1 reversed the promoting effect of SNHG5 on cell viability and the suppressing effect of SNHG5 on inflammation in cellular model of ARDS. Meantime, miR-205 mimics reversed the relieving effect of SNHG5 on lung injury in mouse model of ARDS. SNHG5 acted as a sponge for miR-205 to ameliorate LPS-induced ARDS by regulating COMMD1.Peripheral blood is a valuable, non-invasive source of biomarkers which include circulating miRNAs. Using microfluidic array-based techniques, miRNAs can be successfully measured in small amounts of blood plasma ( less then 0.5 mL) using cDNA pre-amplification. However, the use of heparin-based anticoagulants for blood collection hinders the detection of circulating miRNAs due to its inhibitory effect on PCR components. Although pre-treatment with heparinase have been shown to overcome heparin contamination in blood, its effect has not been described in array-based analyses or more sensitive applications with smaller sample volumes (i.e. 200 μL plasma) requiring pre-amplification. We show that the treatment of miRNA extracted from heparinised plasma with an optimised concentration of Bacteroides heparinase I prior to cDNA pre-amplification dramatically improves the number of detectable miRNA from 2 to 67 targets on the TaqMan® Array Human MicroRNA Cards. Furthermore, the titrated amount of heparinase (3 U) gave the best miRNA detection compared to those used in previous studies (6-24 U). This study provides novel data which demonstrates that heparinase treatment is compatible with protocols that involve pre-amplification of cDNA and microfluidic array-based techniques. This an improved methodology that permits miRNA-based biomarker analysis from small volume of heparinised plasma.Orexins-A (OrxA) and -B (OrxB) neuropeptides are synthesized by a group of neurons located in the lateral hypothalamus and adjacent perifornical area, which send their projections to the mesolimbic dopaminergic (DAergic) system including ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens (NAc), where orexin receptors are expressed. NAc plays a central role in reward-seeking behavior and drug abuse. NAc-neurons express dopamine-1 (D1R) and dopamine-2 (D2R) receptors. Orexins bind to their two cognate G-protein-coupled receptors, orexin-receptor type-1 (Orx1R) and type-2 (Orx2R). Orexin receptor signaling is involved in behaviors such as motivation and addiction. Orexin-containing neurons modulate DAergic activity that is key in synaptic plasticity induced by addictive drugs. However, the effect of OrxA on expression and content of DAergic receptors in NAc is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether OrxA can alter gene expression and protein levels of D1R/D2R in NAc. Gene expression was evaluated by real-time PCR analysis and protein levels by western blot in rats. The results show that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of OrxA increases both gene transcription and protein content of D2R but fails to modify D1R. This effect was also confirmed with OrxA infusion in NAc/Shell. Our results demonstrate for the first time that OrxA induces up-regulation of gene and protein of D2R in NAc. These findings support the hypothesis that OrxA modulates the DAergic transmission and this may serve to understand how orexin signaling enhances DA responses at baseline conditions and in response to psychostimulants.The kidney is a complex organ, comprised primarily of glomerular, tubular, mesangial, and endothelial cells, and podocytes. The fact that renal cells are terminally differentiated at 34 weeks of gestation is the main obstacle in regeneration and treatment of acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease. Furthermore, the number of chronic kidney disease patients is ever increasing and with it the medical community should aim to improve existing and develop new methods of renal replacement therapy. On the other hand, as polypharmacy is on the rise, thought should be given into developing new ways of testing drug safety. A possible way to tackle these issues is with isolation and culture of renal cells. Several protocols are currently described to isolate the desired cells, of which the most isolated are the proximal tubular epithelial cells. They play a major role in water homeostasis, acid-base control, reabsorption of compounds, and secretion of xenobiotics and endogenous metabolites. When exposed to ischemic, toxic, septic, or obstructive conditions their death results in what we clinically perceive as acute kidney injury. Additionally, due to renal cells' limited regenerative potential, the profibrotic environment inevitably leads to chronic kidney disease. In this review we will focus on human proximal tubular epithelial cells. We will cover human kidney culture models, cell sources, isolation, culture, immortalization, and characterization subdivided into morphological, phenotypical, and functional characterization.Spanish mackerel S. commerson belonging to family Scombridae, represent a group of highly commercial marine fisheries with an ever-growing demand world over. Analysing the genetic diversity of this species is of utmost importance and necessary for conservation purposes. Microsatellites are molecular tools with advantages that are ideal for population analyses. This study provides the first multiplex panel set of species-specific microsatellite loci for S. commerson that can be applied when assessing both intra- and inter population genetic variation. Microsatellite marker panels were developed in S. commerson, using Third Generation Sequencing technology in PacBio RSII, based on Single-Molecule Real-Time (SMRT). Thirty- two microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for S. commerson, by genotyping 20 individuals each obtained from the Kochi and Veraval in the Arabian sea and Chennai along Bay of Bengal coast (n = 3). The number of alleles per locus in S. commerson varied from 4 to 17, while the mean observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.656 to 0.753. Dehydrogenase inhibitor The Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) were highly informative, 85% loci with PIC value 0 > 0.75. This suite of markers provides the first species specific nuclear multiplex microsatellite marker panels (32 loci) for S. commerson and thus allows assessment of different populations structures of the species across its distribution range, with more specificity. These newly developed loci have also been validated for cross transferability in another scomberid fish Scomberomorus guttatus.Matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs) 1 and 3 have been shown to contribute to the initiation, and progression of different cancers, including breast cancer (BC). In this study, we aimed to examine the relations between polymorphisms of MMP1 (rs1799750) and MMP3 (rs632478) and their circulating levels with BC. The polymorphisms were genotyped by PCR-based Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Allele-Specific PCR (AS-PCR) among 100 patients and 100 controls. MMP1 and MMP3 serum levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Genotype distributions of MMP1 and MMP3 genes showed significant difference between patients and controls. The distribution of 2G/2G, 1G/2G and 1G/1G genotypes for MMP1 was 74%, 2% and 24% in the patients and 38%, 2% and 60% in the controls, respectively (P = 0.0001). For MMP3 the distribution of C/C, A/C and A/A genotypes was 28%, 54% and 18% in patients and 48%, 40% and 12% in controls, respectively (P = 0.01). For MMP1, the 2G/2G genotype was linked with a higher risk of BC when compared with that of the 1G/1G genotype (OR = 4.86; 95% CI = 2.63-8.99; P = 0.0001). For MMP3, in co-dominant model, there was a higher risk of BC in A/A and A/C genotype carriers (A/A OR = 2.57; 95% CI = 1.08-6.11; P = 0.03) (A/C OR = 2.31 95% CI = 1.24-4.30; P = 0.008). We also showed that MMP1 and MMP3 serum level was significantly increased in BC patients compared to controls. MMP1 and MMP3 genetic variations and their circulating levels are both significantly related to BC.Tropomyosin, a muscle tissue protein is a major allergen in most of shellfish including mud crab. Quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR) using a stable reference gene is the most sensitive approach to produce accurate relative gene expression that has yet to be demonstrated for allergenic tropomyosin in mud crab species. This study was conducted to identify the suitable reference gene and tropomyosin expression in different body parts of local mud crabs, Scylla olivacea, Scylla paramamosain and Scylla tranquebarica. Myosin, 18S rRNA, GADPH and EF1α were selected as candidate reference genes and their expression was measured in the abdomen, walking leg and cheliped tissues of local Scylla spp. The expression stability was analyzed using the comparative delta-Ct method, BestKeeper, NormFinder and geNorm then comprehensively ranked by RefFinder algorithm. Findings showed that EF1α was the most suitable reference gene across three mud crab species. Meanwhile, the abdomen, walking leg and cheliped selected their own suitable reference gene either Myosin, 18S rRNA, EF1α or GADPH.